Handschuh v. Albert Development

• Decision Date: 10 May 1990
• Citation: Handschuh v. Albert Development, 574 A.2d 693, 393 Pa.Super. 444 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1990)
• Parties: Eileen HANDSCHUH, Administratrix of the Estate of Thomas H. Handschuh, Deceased, and Eileen Handschuh, Individually and Eileen Handschuh as Mother and Natural Guardian of Kimberly Ann Handschuh, a Minor v. ALBERT DEVELOPMENT and Richard Berkheimer and Kathleen Berkheimer and Thomas Rickets and Ridley Township and Ridley Township Sewer Authority and Ridley Township Municipal Authority and John P. Damon Associates, Inc., Appellants.
• Court: Pennsylvania Superior Court

Page 693

574 A.2d 693

393 Pa.Super. 444

Eileen HANDSCHUH, Administratrix of the Estate of Thomas H Handschuh, Deceased, and Eileen Handschuh, Individually and Eileen Handschuh as Mother and Natural Guardian of Kimberly Ann Handschuh, a Minor v. ALBERT DEVELOPMENT and Richard Berkheimer and Kathleen Berkheimer and Thomas Rickets and Ridley Township and Ridley Township Sewer Authority and Ridley Township Municipal Authority and John P. Damon Associates, Inc., Appellants.

Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

Argued Nov. 29, 1989.

Filed May 10, 1990.

Ronald D. Ashby, Media, for appellant.

Gary R. Block, West Chester, for appellee.

Before BROSKY, BECK and HOFFMAN, JJ.

BROSKY, Judge.

This is an appeal from a judgment entered after post trial motions were denied. Appellant raises several contentions of error regarding the court's failure to instruct the jury on the defense of assumption of the risk, error in instructing the jury on agency and error in molding the verdict. We affirm.

The facts of relevance indicate that appellee's decedent was a plumbing contractor engaged in the task of installing a residential sewer line for appellant, Albert Development, at the site of a house being built by appellant, when he was killed in a trench cave-in accident. The job involved the digging of a trench approximately ten feet deep, (tapered to shorter depths as the trench neared the house), between the house and the sewer main located under the adjacent street, and laying and connecting pipe from the main to the house. The decedent was aware, as were the excavator and general contractor, that such trenches can cave in and that there was a general risk of cave-in any time one entered a trench. At some point prior to the actual breaking of ground it was suspected that this particular job would be delicate, a suspicion which was confirmed when water was struck during the digging. In response to the "delicateness" of the situation, the decedent shortened the lengths of pipe, from the standard 20 feet to 10 feet, so that the length of open trench he would be working in would also be shortened. Also, certain warning precautions were taken where someone would watch the trench in order to shout a warning should the threat of a cave-in become imminent.

The actual operation was not without difficulty. In fact, a few times during the course of this particular job small amounts of dirt were observed to fall into the ditch. On each such occasion, a warning was shouted and evasive actions were taken, although the decedent did not exit the trench on every occasion. However, in contrast, at no point did the erosion of dirt approach that of a cave-in of the trench. On the occasion of the fatal collapse of the trench, the excavator observed a seam or crack in the back corner of the dirt bank and saw it move forward a bit and then shouted a warning. The decedent turned and retreated a few steps, hesitated and turned again when the bulk of the dirt hit him. He was retrieved from the ditch but ultimately died from the injuries sustained in the collapse.

At trial, appellant asserted the defense of assumption of the risk but was denied a jury instruction on the defense. Instead the jury was instructed on the theory of comparative negligence. The jury found the decedent, appellant and the excavator all one-third negligent. Upon appellee's motion, the verdict was molded by subtracting one-third and adding delay damages. This appeal followed.

The theory of assumption of the risk would seem to be one of the more difficult issues to grasp and apply in the law of torts. This was apparently recognized by a plurality of our Supreme Court in Rutter v. Northeastern Beaver County School Dist., 496 Pa. 590, 437 A.2d 1198 (1981). They said:

There is a serious question as to whether the doctrine of assumption of risk, which has had its origins in a now somewhat disfavored legal philosophy and which has presented problems of application of a type well illustrated by this case, should be permitted longer to survive.

The Court went as far as to attempt to invalidate the doctrine in Pennsylvania, but fell one vote shy of reaching that goal. Be that as it may, and giving full validity to the doctrine, we nevertheless conclude that appellant failed to demonstrate that the decedent assumed the risk of injury sustained, within the legal concept of the assumption of the risk defense, and that the trial court was correct in denying the requested instruction.

The parameters of the assumption of the risk defense are somewhat difficult to define. However, one thing is abundantly clear from a review of relevant authority: that is, that certainly not all voluntary encounters with a foreseeable risk result in application of the assumption of the risk doctrine. Life is full of perils, many of which are foreseeable. However, the fact that an individual proceeds in daily activities does not mean that he is thereby excusing from liability an individual who has negligently caused him harm. As the noted writer on torts, William Prosser has stated:

A pedestrian who walks across the street in the middle of a block, through a stream of traffic travelling at high speed, cannot by any stretch of the imagination be found to consent that the drivers shall not use care to avoid running him down.

W. Prosser, Law of Torts, (4th ed. 1971) at 445. This is true even though it is readily foreseeable, and thus must be understood to be an associated risk of the endeavor, that one might be struck by one of the vehicles. Understandably, in light of these principles, we have stated "[a]ll voluntary risk-taking that can be described by the ambiguous phrase 'assumption of the risk' does not constitute the defense." Fish v. Gosnell, 316 Pa.Super. 565, 463 A.2d 1042, 1048 (1983). Instead, all the elements of the defense--that the plaintiff fully understood the specific risk, voluntarily chose to encounter it, and under circumstances that manifest a willingness to accept it--must be demonstrated before the theory will be submitted to the jury. Id. We commented in Fish, that a "particularly difficult element of the defense is in defining 'circumstances that manifest a willingness to accept' the risk." Id.

The essence of assumption of the risk defense is not an evaluation of fault or negligence in encountering a danger but an acknowledgement that the plaintiff changed his position. Before suffering injury "he intelligently acquiesced in a known danger and abandoned his right to complain, but afterwards, seeks to assert the claim he had waived." Id., 463 A.2d at 1049. We stated in Fish that "to imply such a waiver from conduct and circumstances alone can be a source of 'misapprehension and confusion' and 'frequent misapplication.' " Id. Thus our court has taken a restrictive attitude toward the circumstances from which the assumption of risk defense might imply, id., and has concluded that endeavors that contain an element of voluntary risk-taking do not necessarily demonstrate a deliberate abandonment of the right to complain, but rather, are better judged by their reasonableness under the circumstances, thus, implicating comparative negligence principles. Id.

In the present case it is true that the decedent was aware of the risk of a trench cave-in prior to suffering the fatal accident. However, as alluded to earlier, there are many practical endeavors in life that have foreseeable dangerous consequences attached to them. Every time that an individual takes a seat in an automobile or an airplane, for instance, he should be aware that there exists a possibility that the vehicle may collide with another or that the plane may crash to the ground. Every time that an individual undergoes surgery he should be aware that there is a risk of lapsing into a coma or dying. However, the law has never taken cognizance of these facts and relied upon them to excuse an individual who negligently causes a motor vehicle collision from liability for the resulting injuries, or likewise excusing a negligent surgeon or anesthesiologist or the negligent airline from resulting injury or death. Certainly the decedent was aware of the general dangers associated with the job he had contracted to provide. But this does not...