Hardy v. Cross

• Decision Date: 12 December 2011
• Docket Number: No. 11–74.,11–74.
• Citation: 565 U.S. 65,132 S.Ct. 490,181 L.Ed.2d 468
• Parties: Marcus HARDY, Warden v. Irving L. CROSS.
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

565 U.S. 65

132 S.Ct. 490

181 L.Ed.2d 468

Marcus HARDY, Warden

v.Irving L. CROSS.

No. 11–74.

Supreme Court of the United States

Dec. 12, 2011.

PER CURIAM.

The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), 28 U.S.C. § 2254, "imposes a highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings and demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt." Felkner v. Jackson, 562 U.S. ––––, ––––, 131 S.Ct. 1305, 1307, 179 L.Ed.2d 374 (2011)(per curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted). In this case, the Court of Appeals departed from this standard, and we therefore grant certiorari and reverse.

Irving Cross was tried for kidnaping and sexually assaulting A.S. at knifepoint. Cross claimed that A.S. had consented to sex in exchange for money and drugs. Despite her avowed fear of taking the stand, A.S. testified as the State's primary witness at Cross' trial in November 1999 and was cross-examined by Cross' attorney. According to the trial judge, A.S.'s testimony was halting. The jury found Cross not guilty of kidnaping but was unable to reach a verdict on the sexual assault charges, and the trial judge declared a mistrial. The State decided to retry Cross on those counts, and the retrial was scheduled for March 29, 2000.

On March 20, 2000, the prosecutor informed the trial judge that A.S. could not be located. A week later, on March 28, the State moved to have A.S. declared unavailable and to introduce her prior testimony at the second trial.

The State represented that A.S. had said after the first trial that she was willing to testify at the retrial. The State said that it had remained in "constant contact" with A.S. and her mother and that "[e]very indication" had been that A.S., "though extremely frightened, would be willing to again come to court and testify." Record, Exh. J, p. 111 (hereinafter Exh. J). On March 3, however, A.S.'s mother and brother told the State's investigator that they did not know where she was, and A.S.'s mother reported that A.S. was "very fearful and very concerned" about testifying again. Record, Exh. K, p. E–9 (hereinafter Exh. K); id ., at E–14. On March 9 or 10, the investigator interviewed A.S.'s father, who also had "no idea where [A.S.] was." Id ., at E–12. The father's only suggestion was to refer the investigator back to the mother.

On March 10, the State learned from A.S.'s mother that A.S. had run away from home the day before and had not returned.^* Exh. J, at 111. Thereafter, "efforts began by members of the Cook County State's Attorney's Office and by law enforcement personnel to locate" A.S. Id ., at 112. The State averred that its efforts included the following:

"Constant personal visits to the home of [A.S.] and her mother, at all hours of the day and night. This is where the victim has lived since the sexual assault occurred.

"Personal visits to the home of [A.S.'s] father. This is where the victim lived when the sexual assault occurred.

"Personal conversations, in English and in Spanish, with the victim's mother, father, and other family members.

"Telephone calls, in English and in Spanish, to the victim's mother, father, and other family members.

"Checks at the Office of the Medical Examiner of Cook County.

"Checks at local hospitals.

"Checks at the Cook County Department of Corrections.

"Check at the victim's school.

"Check with the family of an old boyfriend of the victim.

"Check with the Illinois Secretary of State's Office.

"[Department of] Public [A]id check." Id ., at 112–113.

The State also inquired at the Department of Public Health, the morgue, the Cook County Jail, the Illinois Department of Corrections, the Immigration Department, and the post office. See Exh. K, at E–14 to E–17, E–21; App. to Pet. for Cert. 18a. The State's investigator was assisted in the search by a police detective and a victim's advocate. The detective visited A.S.'s father's home once and went to A.S.'s mother's home—A.S.'s last-known residence—on numerous occasions, approximately once every three days, at different hours of the day and night. Exh. K, at E–27 to E–29, E–35. On one visit, A.S.'s mother told the victim's advocate that A.S. could be staying with an ex-boyfriend in Waukegan, Illinois, 40 miles away. Id., at E–42 to E–43. The police detective visited the Waukegan address but was informed by the ex-boyfriend's mother that she had not seen A.S. in several months and that A.S. was not staying with her or her son. Id., at E–33 to E–34. The efforts to find A.S. continued until March 28, the day of the hearing on the State's motion. Id., at E–30.

On a final visit to A.S.'s mother on the morning of March 28, the mother informed the police detective that A.S. had called approximately two weeks earlier and had said that she did not want to testify and would not return to Chicago. See id., at E–30; 632 F.3d 356, 359 (C.A.7 2011). A.S.'s mother told the detective that she still did not know where A.S. was or how to contact her. Exh. K, at E–30.

The trial court granted the State's motion and admitted A.S.'s earlier testimony. The trial court concluded that the State had "expended efforts that go way beyond due diligence," id., at E–65, and that A.S. "ha[d] made it impossible for anybody to find where she is ... in spite of what I think are superhuman efforts to locate [her]," id ., at E–67. At Cross' retrial, a legal intern from the State's attorney's office read A.S.'s prior, cross-examined testimony to the jury. According to the opinion below, the clerk's reading of the prior testimony did not include the long pauses that occurred at the first trial, and the clerk read the transcript with a slight inflection. See 632 F.3d, at 359. The jury acquitted Cross of aggravated sexual assault but found him guilty of two counts of criminal sexual assault.

On appeal, the Illinois Court of Appeals agreed that A.S. was unavailable because "[i]t is clear from her telephone conversation with her mother that she was not in the city" and "also evident that she was in hiding and did not want to be located." Id ., at 83a. The court found that the State had conducted a good-faith, diligent search to locate A.S., and that the trial court had properly allowed the introduction of A.S.'s cross-examined testimony from the first trial. The court, therefore, affirmed Cross' convictions and sentence. The Supreme Court of Illinois denied Cross' petition for leave to appeal, and we denied Cross' petition for a writ of certiorari.

Cross then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Cross argued, among other things, that the state court had unreasonably applied clearly established Supreme Court precedents holding that the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment precludes the admission of the prior testimony of an allegedly unavailable witness unless the prosecution made a good-faith effort to obtain the declarant's presence at trial. The District Court denied Cross' petition, but the Seventh Circuit reversed. According to the Seventh Circuit, the Illinois Court of Appeals was unreasonable in holding that the State had made a sufficient effort to secure A.S.'s presence at the retrial. The Seventh Circuit stressed the importance of A.S.'s testimony and the manner of her testimony at the first trial.

In Barber v. Page, 390 U.S. 719, 88 S.Ct. 1318, 20 L.Ed.2d 255 (1968), we held that "a witness is not ‘unavailable’ for purposes of the ... confrontation requirement unless the prosecutorial authorities have made a good-faith effort to obtain his presence at trial." Id ., at 724–725, 88 S.Ct. 1318. In Barber, we held that a witness had not been unavailable for Confrontation Clause purposes because the State, which could have brought the witness to court by seeking a writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum, had "made absolutely no effort to obtain [his] presence ... at trial" apart from determining that he was serving a sentence in a federal prison. Id ., at 723, 88 S.Ct. 1318; see also id ., at 725, 88 S.Ct. 1318.

We again addressed the question of witness unavailability in Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 100 S.Ct. 2531, 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980). In that case, we held, the State had discharged its "duty of good-faith effort." Id ., at 75, 100 S.Ct. 2531. We noted that the prosecutor had spoken to the witness' mother, who reported that she had no knowledge of her daughter's whereabouts and "knew of no way to reach [her] even in an emergency." Ibid . We also noted that the State had served five subpoenas in the witness' name to her parents' residence over a 4–month period prior to the trial. " ‘The lengths to which the prosecution must go to produce a witness,’ " the Court made clear, " ‘is a question of reasonableness.’ " Id ., at 74, 100 S.Ct. 2531 (quoting ...