Hatcher v. Com.

Citation14 Va.App. 487,419 S.E.2d 256
Decision Date26 May 1992
Docket NumberNo. 2044-90-4,2044-90-4
CourtVirginia Court of Appeals
PartiesBruce Alfonso HATCHER, s/k/a Bruce Alponso Hatcher v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia. Record

E.E. Sanders, Jr., Woodbridge, for appellant.

Thomas C. Daniel, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Mary Sue Terry, Atty. Gen., on brief), for appellee.

Present: BRAY, ELDER and MOON, JJ.

ELDER, Judge.

Bruce A. Hatcher, appellant, appeals from his conviction at a September 25, 1990, bench trial of possession of cocaine. Prior to trial, on April 10, 1990, appellant moved to suppress evidence against him, which motion the trial court denied. On appeal, appellant asserts: (1) that the officer who detained him did not have the requisite reasonable suspicion under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); (2) that the trial court erred in failing to suppress evidence seized in violation of Code § 19.2-83; and (3) that the court erred in failing to exclude a statement he made allegedly in response to police interrogation, while he was in custody, and without a Miranda warning. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Using radar at about midnight on August 13, 1989, Officer Robert Reetz of the Manassas Police Department detected a car approaching him at a high rate of speed. Without activating his emergency lights, Reetz started in pursuit, accelerated in order to keep up with the suddenly accelerating car, and watched as the car turned abruptly onto a side street, pulled to a stop, and went dark. Interpreting this as an evasive maneuver meant to elude his pursuit, Reetz pulled to a stop behind the car and activated his emergency lights. Appellant immediately exited the car from the passenger side and walked about twenty-five feet away before Reetz identified himself as a police officer and asked him to stop and return.

Pursuant to the driver's consent, Reetz conducted a search of the car. He then searched the immediate vicinity of the car and discovered a "stem," a device used to smoke crack cocaine, immediately behind the right front wheel on the passenger side of the car. Relying on his experience as a narcotics investigator, Reetz surmised that crack cocaine was present in the stem. He asked the four occupants of the car, "Whose is it?" and received no response. Reasoning that only appellant had been in a position to place the stem where Reetz had found it, and that it had to have been placed there after the car had rolled to a stop or it would have been crushed, Reetz placed appellant under arrest, handcuffed him, and put him in the back of the cruiser. He then issued the driver a summons for speeding, arrested a second passenger for possession of cocaine, and gained control of the situation following a small altercation.

During his ride in the police cruiser, apparently without any prompting by Reetz whatsoever, appellant announced, "It's not mine." Reetz answered, "What?" or "Pardon me?" Appellant repeated, "It's not mine. It was the man behind me. He saw you turning on us. He said he'd pay me $50 to get rid of it, so I took it, and I dumped it out of the car."

I.

Appellant's first argument on appeal is that the officer who initially detained him did not have the requisite reasonable suspicion to do so under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).

Appellant's initial detention constituted a seizure under Terry, 392 U.S. at 16, 88 S.Ct. at 1877. In order to justify such a seizure, an officer must have a "reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal activity on the part of the defendant." Commonwealth v. Holloway, 9 Va.App. 11, 15, 384 S.E.2d 99, 101 (1989). However, an officer need not suspect an individual of a particular crime in order to justify a Terry stop. A general suspicion of some criminal activity is enough, as long as the officer can, based on the circumstances before him at the time, articulate a reasonable basis for his suspicion.

Here, Officer Reetz personally observed highly evasive maneuvers on the part of the car he pursued. Moreover, at the moment Reetz stopped behind this car and activated his emergency lights, appellant exited and began to walk briskly away. While Reetz acknowledged that appellant apparently was not the driver of the vehicle, and thus was not responsible for the evasive driving, appellant had been a passenger in the vehicle. Moreover, it was appellant alone who sought to elude Reetz's investigation after the car had stopped.

As the United States Supreme Court noted in Pennsylvania v. Mimms, "[t]he touchstone of our analysis under the Fourth Amendment is always 'the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of a citizen's personal security.' " 434 U.S. 106, 108-09, 98 S.Ct. 330, 332-33, 54 L.Ed.2d 331 (1977) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 19, 88 S.Ct. at 1878). In Mimms, the Court found that, under all the circumstances of that case, a police officer making a routine traffic stop had been justified in asking the driver of the stopped vehicle to exit his car and thereby establish "a face-to-face confrontation" which "diminishes the possibility, otherwise substantial, that the driver can make unobserved movements; this, in turn, reduces the likelihood that the officer will be the victim of an assault." Id. at 110, 98 S.Ct. at 333. In reaching its conclusion, the Court noted the "inordinate risk confronting an officer as he approaches a person seated in an automobile." Id.

"According to one study, approximately 30% of police shootings occurred when a police officer approached a suspect seated in an automobile. Bristow, Police Officer Shootings--A Tactical Evaluation, 54 Crim.L.C. & P.S. 93 (1963)." We are aware that not all these assaults occur when issuing traffic summons, but we have before expressly declined to accept the argument that traffic violations necessarily involve less danger to officers than other types of confrontations. Indeed, it appears "that a significant percentage of murders of police officers occurs when the officers are making traffic stops."

Id. (citations omitted).

Against this important and legitimate law enforcement interest, the Court weighed "the intrusion into the driver's personal liberty occasioned not by the initial stop of the vehicle ... but by the order to get out of the car" and concluded that such an "additional intrusion" was "de minimis." Id. at 111, 98 S.Ct. at 333. In his dissent in Mimms, Justice Stevens noted that "the Court's logic necessarily encompasses the passenger." Id. at 122, 98 S.Ct. at 339. The following term, in his concurrence in Rakas v. Illinois, Justice Powell construed Mimms to mean "that passengers in automobiles have no Fourth Amendment right not to be ordered from their vehicle, once a stop is made." 439 U.S. 128, 155 n. 4, 99 S.Ct. 421, 436 n. 4, 58 L.Ed.2d 387 (1978). See also Bethea v. Commonwealth, --- Va.App. ----, 419 S.E.2d 249 (1992) (en banc).

Here, appellant was not ordered to exit the vehicle but to remain beside it while Officer Reetz conducted his brief follow-up investigation following his detention of the car and its occupants. As was the case in Mimms, the intrusion on appellant's privacy rights and freedom of movement was de minimis when weighed against Officer Reetz's significant interest in gaining control of and monitoring a potentially hazardous roadside stop in order to conduct his lawful investigation.

If a driver's maneuvers give rise to probable cause to believe that a traffic infraction has occurred, then effecting a brief detention that includes not only the driver and his car but his passengers as well, seems a legitimate law enforcement goal. This action is especially warranted when events subsequent to the lawful traffic stop focus suspicion on a passenger accompanying the driver.

II.

Appellant also asserts that the trial court erred in failing to suppress evidence allegedly seized in violation of Code § 19.2-83. Code § 19.2-83 grants authority to an officer to detain a person only if he "reasonably suspects" the person "is committing, has committed or is about to commit a felony or possesses a concealed weapon."

It is true, as defendant contends, that the language in that part of our statute which permits a police officer to stop a person whom he reasonably suspects is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a felony is more stringent than the requirement stated in Terry: "where a police officer observes unusual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in the light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot...." However, the statute permits a police officer to stop a person whom he reasonably suspects possesses a concealed weapon.

Simmons v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 552, 557, 231 S.E.2d 218, 221-22 (1977) (citations omitted).

The record in this case fails to establish that, at the time Reetz detained appellant, he had a reasonable basis for suspecting that appellant was committing, had committed, or was about to commit a felony. This Court's inquiry thus must focus on whether Reetz reasonably suspected that appellant was in possession of a concealed weapon and thus reasonably feared for his safety.

The record also fails to establish that Reetz had any reason to suspect that appellant possessed a concealed weapon. This case is thus distinguishable from Lansdown v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 204, 308...

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