Hebb v. State

• Decision Date: 10 May 1976
• Docket Number: No. 1023,1023
• Citation: Hebb v. State, 31 Md.App. 493, 356 A.2d 583 (Md. App. 1976)
• Parties: Joseph Andrew HEBB, Jr. v. STATE of Maryland.
• Court: Court of Special Appeals of Maryland

Page 493

31 Md.App. 493

356 A.2d 583

Joseph Andrew HEBB, Jr. v.STATE of Maryland.

No. 1023.

Court of Special Appeals of Maryland.

May 10, 1976.

Robert H. Moreland, Assigned Public Defender, for appellant.

Deborah K. Handel, Asst. Atty. Gen., with whom were Francis B. Burch, Atty. Gen. and George R. Sparling, States Atty., and MELVIN, JJ.

Argued before GILBERT, MENCHINE for St. Mary's County on the brief, for appellee.

GILBERT, Judge.

The Law

Whenever the voluntariness of an accused's confession, or other self-incriminating statement ¹ made to police officers or prosecutorial officials, is attacked at trial, the judge should follow the guidelines laid down by the Court of Appeals in Day v. State, 196 Md. 384, 399, 76 A.2d 729, 736(1950), as explicated and embellished, by this Court, in Mulligan v. State, 18 Md.App. 588, 308 A.2d 418(1973);Mulligan v. State,10 Md.App. 429, 271 A.2d 385(1970);Barnhart v. State, 5 Md.App. 222, 246 A.2d 280(1968).

Then Chief Judge Marbury penned for the Court of Appeals, in Day:

'The practice in this State, approved in many cases, is that the court first hears evidence without the jury to determine whether a confession is voluntary and should be admitted.If it decides to admit it, the same evidence is then given to the jury, as it has the final determination, irrespective of the court's preliminary decision, whether or not the confession is voluntary, and whether it should be believed.In so doing, the jury is entitled to have before it all of the evidence which affects the voluntary character of the document, and which the court passed upon in admitting it.'196 Md. at 399, 76 A.2d at 736.

Subsequent to the Court's decision in Day, the Supreme Court of the United States handed down its decision in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694(1966).In Miranda, Chief Justice Warren articulated certain rights, ² the existence of which the police are required to inform each person prior to any custodial interrogation.Absent an effective waiver of the Miranda rights, an inculpatory statement will be suppressed.³Miranda engrafted upon Day the constitutional safeguards that operate as a prerequisite to the admissibility, in the State's case-in-chief, of an inculpatory statement irrespective of its otherwise trustworthiness.⁴

If an accused asserts that his statement to the police was made in violation of Miranda's tenets, the trial judge should determine, preliminarily, out of the presence of the jury, the mixed question of law and fact that is then presented.It is incumbent upon the trial judge to decide, by a preponderance of evidence, Mulligan v. State, 18 Md.App. at 597-602, 308 A.2d 418, ⁵ that the accused's custodial statement was a free and voluntary expression and that Miranda has been satisfied.Only then may the statement be considered by the jury as part of their 'beyond a reasonable doubt' fact finding process.Gill v. State, 265 Md. 350, 357-58, 289 A.2d 575, 579(1972).See alsoDempsey v. State, Md., 355 A.2d 455(Ct.App. filed March 3, 1976), reversingDempsey v. State, 24 Md.App. 8, 330 A.2d 204(1974).

We made clear, in the second Mulligan decision, ⁶10 Md.App. at 432, 271 A.2d at 387 that 'The trial judge's conclusion that the confession was voluntary must appear from the record with unmistakable clarity.'What we did not say in the second Mulligan, but did declare in the third mulligan, is that Lego v. Twomey, 404 U.S. 477, 92 S.Ct. 619, 30 L.Ed.2d 618(1972), mandates that the standard of proof the State must meet before the trial judge may admit an accused's challenged statement into evidence is that of a preponderance.Mulligan v. State, 18 Md.App. at 597-602, 308 A.2d 418.The rule now is that the record must reflect with unmistakable clarity the trial judge's finding that a statement or confession was, by a preponderance of the evidence, voluntary and made in accordance with Miranda.

If our independent review of the record does not disclose that the statement or confession was found by the trial judge, with unmistakable clarity, to be voluntary, or if it appears that he imposed a lesser burden of proof than preponderance upon the State in weighing the question of voluntariness, it is reversible error.

The Instant Case

John Andrew Hebb, Jr., was convicted by a jury, presided over by Judge Joseph Mattingly, in the Circuit Court for St. Mary's County, of 'grand larceny' and receiving stolen goods.Under Bell v. State, 220 Md. 75, 150 A.2d 908(1959), the verdict of the jury was defective in that a defendant cannot be both the thief and the receiver of the same goods or chattels.⁷After some discussion, and on motion of the appellant, the trial judge struck out the verdict as to the grand larceny charge and imposed a sentence of eight years on the receiving count.Such a procedure, particularly in view of the fact that sentence was imposed upon the receiving count only, satisfies Bell v. State, 220 Md. at 81, 150 A.2d 908.See alsoMcDuffie v. State, 12 Md.App. 264, 267-71, 278 A.2d 307, 308-10(1971).

During the trial of the appellant, he interposed an objection to the admission of the incriminating statement he allegedly made to a deputy sheriff.The objection was grounded on a supposed infraction of Miranda.For reasons that are not clear from the record, no out of the presence of the jury hearing was held.It appears that, except for arguments of counsel made at bench conferences, the jury was allowed to hear, initially, of the statement allegedly taken by the police from the accused in violation of Miranda.Should the statement have been ultimately held by the trial judge to be inadmissible, the mere fact that the jury heard it or, even heard of its very existence, might have required reversal under the second Mulligan, 10 Md.App. at 432, 271 A.2d 385.⁸

A deputy sheriff testified that he orally gave to the appellant, a sixteen year old, in the presence of the appellant's parent, the complete Miranda warnings, ⁹ and that appellant wanted to make a statement.We quote from the introduction to the statement:

'VOLUNTARY STATEMENT

DATE November30-1974 PLACESheriffs Office Leonardtown Time Statement Started1740 p. m. I, the undersigned, Joseph Andrew Hebb, Jr., of Compton Md., being 16 years of age, born at Leonardtown Md., on June 30, 1958, do hereby make the following statement to Deputy Richard L. VoorhaarJoe Lee Sommerville, he having first identified himself as a Deputy sheriffs St. Marys Co., knowing that I may have an attorney in my behalf present and that I do not have to make any statement nor incriminate myself in any manner.I make this statement voluntarily, of my own free will, knowing that such statement could later be used against me in any court of law, and I declare that this statement is made without any threat, coercion, offer of benefit, favor or offer of favor, leniency or offer of leniency by any person or persons whomsoever.'¹⁰

The format of the 'Voluntary Statement' does not strictly comply with Miranda in that the full panoply of rights are not present.Missing therefrom is the constitutional right to have an attorney appointed for the accused if he cannot afford to engage one, or that the rights may be invoked at any time during interrogation.In any event, as we have said, the appellant was advised of his Miranda rights when the deputy read those rights to appellant in the presence of appellant's parent.There was no evidence produced by the appellant which contradicted the State's recitation of events.

Immediately after the Miranda rights were given to the appellant, and he indicated his desire to make a statement, he was led to another place where the illumination was better, and the 'Voluntary Statement' was taken.In our view, the Miranda warnings were still viable, and it was unnecessary to repeat them in the light of the short lapse of time between the warnings and the actual making of the statement.

At the conclusion of the evidence pertaining to the voluntariness vel non, of the statement, the trial judge responded to an objection to its admission; 'Overruled.It (the statement) will be admitted into evidence.'

We have seen that a statement may be free and vountary and still violate Miranda.A statement may be held to be free and voluntary, in compliance with Miranda, and yet not meet the requirements of Lego v. Twomey, supra, and the third Mulligan, supra, because the wrong test was used in admitting the confession or statement.The record in the case now before us is silent as to the standard of proof used by the trial judge.Did he apply Lego-Mulligan, or did he follow the implicit suggestion of the State's Attorney that the State need but demonstrate voluntariness by a 'prima facie showing'?See note 8 supra.If the judge followed Lego-Mulligan, the confession was properly admitted.If he adhered to the constitutionally infirm prima facie test, there was error of such magnitude as to necessitate reversal.Felde v. State, supra.

While the judge did not so state, the message that comes through from a review of the record, with 'unmistakable clarity,' is that he believed the statement to have been made freely and voluntarily.

Judges are presumed to know the law.Samson...