Henri's Food Products Co., Inc. v. Tasty Snacks, Inc.

• Decision Date: 06 May 1987
• Docket Number: No. 86-2451,86-2451
• Citation: 817 F.2d 1303
• Parties: , 2 U.S.P.Q.2d 1856 HENRI'S FOOD PRODUCTS CO., INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TASTY SNACKS, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 1303

817 F.2d 1303

55 USLW 2668, 2 U.S.P.Q.2d 1856

HENRI'S FOOD PRODUCTS CO., INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TASTY SNACKS, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

No. 86-2451.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

Argued Feb. 18, 1987.

Decided May 6, 1987.

Forest Henri Dupre, Charne, Glassner, Tehan, Clancy & Taitelman, S.C., Milwaukee, Wis., for plaintiff-appellant.

Stephen H. Pugh, Jr., Chapman & Cutler, Chicago, Ill., for defendant-appellee.

Before CUDAHY, FLAUM and RIPPLE, Circuit Judges.

CUDAHY, Circuit Judge.

Henri's Food Products Co., Inc. ("Henri's"), the owner of a federal registration for the trademark TAS-TEE for use on salad dressings, sued Tasty Snacks, Inc. ("Tasty Snacks") for trademark infringement through the use of the term "tasty" as a trademark for salad dressing. Henri's sought an injunction and damages. Tasty Snacks filed a motion to dismiss Henri's complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Tasty Snacks subsequently asked the court to convert this motion into a motion for summary judgment. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Tasty Snacks on the ground that the word "tasty" was a generic term for salad dressing and therefore could not be a protectable trademark. We reverse.

I.

Henri's is a Wisconsin corporation located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that manufactures salad dressing which is sold throughout Wisconsin and elsewhere in the United States. One of Henri's products is a salad dressing made with celery seed and onion and sold under the claimed trademark TAS-TEE. Henri's has sold more than 10 million dollars worth of TAS-TEE brand salad dressing since 1947. In 1960, Henri's was refused registration by the United States Patent Office for TAS-TEE as a trademark for use on salad dressings. The mark was considered "so highly descriptive that it does not function as a trademark to distinguish applicant's goods in interstate commerce." Complaint, Exhibit H at 9-10. In 1982, however, Henri's filed a second application for trademark registration, and the Patent Office granted registration for the word TAS-TEE alone.

In 1984, Tasty Snacks, an Illinois corporation, started selling salad dressings and mayonnaise under the designation "tasty," including "Tasty" mayonnaise, "Tasty" Russian dressing, "Tasty" Italian dressing and "Tasty" salad dressing with vinegar, egg yolks and oil. Tasty Snacks placed the registered trademark symbol TM next to the word "tasty" on the label of some of its dressing products.

In December 1984, Henri's began a lawsuit against Tasty Snacks seeking to enjoin Tasty Snacks from using the term "tasty" as a trademark for salad dressing and asking for damages. Henri's complaint alleges that the use of the trademark "tasty" on salad dressings by Tasty Snacks is likely to result in confusion by potential purchasers of salad dressing who may believe that salad dressing bearing the "tasty" trademark came from the same source as dressing bearing Henri's TAS-TEE trademark. Henri's alleges federal trademark infringement in violation of 15 U.S.C. Sec. 1114(1)(1982), unfair competition in violation of 15 U.S.C. Sec. 1125(a)(1982), common law trademark infringement and violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act, Ill.Rev.Stat. ch. 121-1/2, paragraphs 311-17 (1985). Henri's contends that Tasty Snacks' dressings were sold in direct competition with Henri's TAS-TEE brand with intent to deceive and unfairly compete and to trade on the goodwill of Henri's TAS-TEE trademark.

With the service of its summons and complaint, Henri's also served upon Tasty Snacks a set of interrogatories and a request for production of documents. Tasty Snacks declined to respond to these discovery requests, and the district court has never ruled on the resulting motion to compel. Subsequently, Tasty Snacks moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Tasty Snacks' motion asserted that Henri's could not have a protectable trademark in the word "tasty" or TAS-TEE because the word "tasty" is a generic word for salad dressings. Henri's filed a timely response to the motion, and Tasty Snacks subsequently filed a reply memorandum in which it asked the district court to convert its motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) to a motion for summary judgment against Henri's.

In July 1986 the district court, 642 F.Supp. 255, ruled in favor of Tasty Snacks, finding that the word "tasty" (and its phonetic equivalent TAS-TEE) is a generic term for salad dressing and cannot be trademarked. The district court thus granted summary judgment in favor of Tasty Snacks and this appeal followed.

II.

The district court found that the word "tasty" (and its phonetic equivalent TAS-TEE) was generic with respect to salad dressing and therefore was incapable of winning protection as a trademark either under federal law, common law or under the Illinois Deceptive Trade Practices Act. We agree with the district court that if "tasty" were generic, it could not be accorded trademark protection. We do not, however, agree that "tasty" is generic.

Trademarks run the gamut from the fanciful or arbitrary (which are fully protected), to the suggestive, to the "merely descriptive" (which require for protection a showing of secondary meaning). On the other hand, a generic name--the common name of a class of things or a "common descriptive name"--is irretrievably in the public domain, and the preservation of competition precludes its protection. Here, the district court relied on Miller Brewing Co. v. G. Heileman Brewing Co., 561 F.2d 75 (7th Cir.1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1025, 98 S.Ct. 751, 54 L.Ed.2d 772 (1978), in concluding that "tasty" was generic. In Miller Brewing Co., this court stated that "[a] generic or common descriptive term is one which is commonly used as the name or description of a kind of goods. It cannot become a trademark under any circumstances." Id. at 79. This court also held:

The word "light," including its phonetic equivalent "lite" ... [is] a generic or common descriptive term as applied to beer, [and] could not be exclusively appropriated by Miller as a trademark, "despite whatever promotional effort [Miller] may have expended to exploit it."

Id. at 81 (quoting Henry Heide, Inc. v. George Ziegler Co., 354 F.2d 574, 576 (7th Cir.1965)). The district court in the case before us observed that " '[l]ight' or 'lite' is a common descriptive word such as 'rose' wine, 'blended' whiskey, and 'white' bread." Henri's Food Products, Inc. v. Tasty Snacks, Inc., 642 F.Supp. 255, 259 (E.D.Wis.1986) ("July 31, 1986 Order") (citing Miller Brewing Co., 561 F.2d at 81). The district court went on to conclude:

The term "tasty" is even more generic or commonly descriptive than "light" in light beer. A light beer is only one of a kind of beers that a manufacturer can sell; whereas, a manufacturer would not want to sell a dressing that is not tasty. It would certainly be a sad day (and a more bland one) if a food or beverage company could corner the market on words such as "tasty," "savory," "flavorful," or "delicious."

Id. at 259. The district court also rejected Henri's argument that a generic word must be a commonly used name of a product, and that since the word "tasty" is an adjective, it cannot be generic. The district court stated that the mere fact that a word is an adjective does not prevent it from being a generic or common descriptive word.

The district court found that the Miller Brewing Co. court had held that "beer" was the name of the product, and that "light" described the qualities of that product. That is, "light" described a certain quality of that type of beer as less filling with reduced calories. In like vein, the district court thought that "salad dressing" is the name of the product and "tasty" describes the qualities of the product:

"Tasty" describes the salad dressing as savory or appetizing. The Seventh Circuit has reasoned that if "light beer" is a generic name, then "light" is a generic word when used as part of that name. So also, if "tasty dressing" is a generic name, then "tasty" is a generic word when used as part of that name.

July 31, 1986 Order at 259.

We do not agree that "tasty" is a generic term or a "common descriptive name" or, for that matter, is comparable to "light" or "lite" in "light beer." The holding in Miller Brewing Co. is that an adjective can be a generic term when that word is part of a common descriptive name of a kind of goods. ¹ In order to be generic however (as the word implies), the word in question must serve to denominate a type, a kind, a genus or a subcategory of goods.

It is important to observe the distinction between "common descriptive" (or generic) terms and "merely descriptive" terms:

The provisions of the Lanham Act ... distinguish a mark that is "the common descriptive name of an article or substance" from a mark that is "merely descriptive." Secs. 2(e), 14(c), 15 U.S.C. Secs. 1052(e), 1064(c). Marks that constitute a common descriptive name are referred to as generic. A generic term is one that refers to the genus of which the particular product is a species. Generic terms are not registerable.... A "merely descriptive" mark, in contrast,...