Hernandez v. State

Decision Date01 October 1999
Docket NumberNo. 46S00-9702-CR-110.,46S00-9702-CR-110.
Citation716 N.E.2d 948
PartiesRosalio HERNANDEZ, Appellant (Defendant below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below).
CourtIndiana Supreme Court

Atley C. Price, William J. Nelson, Molly E. Palmer, Michigan City, IN, Attorneys for Appellant.

Jeffrey A. Modisett, Attorney General of Indiana, Suzann Weber Lupton, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellee.

SULLIVAN, Justice.

Defendant Rosalio Hernandez was convicted of Attempted Murder and found to be an habitual offender. He appeals, arguing that (1) the trial court committed reversible error in allowing the victim to remain seated at the prosecutor's table despite a valid separation of witnesses order, (2) exhibits establishing habitual offender status were not properly admitted, and (3) there was insufficient evidence to establish his habitual offender status. Finding to the contrary, we affirm Defendant's conviction and sentence enhancement as an habitual offender.

We have jurisdiction over this direct appeal because the sentence for his single conviction exceeds fifty years. Ind. Const. art. VII, § 4; Ind. Appellate Rule 4(A)(7).

Background

In 1989, Defendant had an altercation with a correctional officer employed at the prison where Defendant was housed. Over the course of the next few years, other minor incidents inside the prison would cause their relationship to further deteriorate. On March 23, 1994, Defendant attacked and repeatedly stabbed this same officer. At trial, the State was permitted, over Defendant's objection, to allow the officer, Herbert Wallace, to remain seated at counsel table during the trial as an essential witness to assist the prosecution. Wallace was the last State witness to testify. On October 4, 1996, Defendant was convicted of Attempted Murder,1 a Class A felony. Defendant does not challenge the evidence supporting this conviction, which included numerous eyewitness accounts of the attack.

During the second portion of the trial, the State introduced various exhibits through the testimony of an Indiana Department of Correction officer establishing Defendant's status as an habitual offender. Defendant's thirty-year sentence for attempted murder was enhanced an additional thirty years based on the jury's habitual offender finding.

Discussion
I

Defendant contends that the trial court committed reversible error when it allowed the victim, Herbert Wallace, to remain seated at the prosecutor's table despite a valid separation of witnesses order. Defendant argues that Wallace's presence during the testimony of several prior witnesses gave the State an unfair advantage: Wallace was able to hear all prior testimony concerning both his own actions and those statements attributed to him and Defendant during the period prior to, during, and after the stabbing incident.

Defendant requested and received an order for separation of witnesses following the completion of voir dire. Afterwards, Defendant requested clarification regarding the order's application to Wallace, who was seated next to the deputy prosecuting attorney. The State responded that pursuant to Evidence Rule 615, Wallace was an "essential witness" to the presentation of its case. Wallace did eventually testify but only after thirteen other witnesses took the stand. Defendant claims he was unfairly prejudiced because "no other witness [besides Wallace] was afforded [this] opportunity," Appellant's Br. at 14, but he cites no authority for the claim that Wallace should have testified first or near the beginning of the State's case in chief.

On January 1, 1994, Indiana Evidence Rule 615 became effective. That rule provides:

At the request of a party, the court shall order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear the testimony of or discuss testimony with other witnesses, and it may make the order on its own motion. This rule does not authorize the exclusion of (1) a party who is a natural person, or (2) an officer or employee of a party that is not a natural person designated as its representative by its attorney, or (3) a person whose presence is shown by a party to be essential to the presentation of the party's cause.

Evid. Rule 615. The adoption of this Rule altered prior case law. Under our common law evidence regime, the decision to grant a separation of witnesses order was within the sound discretion of the trial court. See Garland v. State, 439 N.E.2d 606, 608 (Ind.1982)

. But under Rule 615, the trial court is required to grant motions for separation of witnesses orders. Smiley v. State, 649 N.E.2d 697, 699 n.5 (Ind. Ct.App.1995),

transfer denied.

As the second sentence of Rule 615 makes clear, there are certain witnesses whom a court cannot exclude from the trial proceedings. Fourthman v. State, 658 N.E.2d 88, 90-91 (Ind.Ct.App.1995), transfer denied. Clause (3) exempts a witness whose presence is shown "to be essential to the presentation of the party's cause." Evid. R. 615(3). The moving party, however, must show that the "`witness has such specialized expertise or intimate knowledge of the facts of the case that a party's attorney could not effectively function without the presence and aid of the witness.'" 4 Jack B. Weinstein & Margaret A. Berger, Weinstein's Federal Evidence § 615.04[3][b] (2d ed.1999) (discussing the showing required for exemption under the identical federal version of Rule 615(3)) (quoting Oliver B. Cannon & Son, Inc. v. Fidelity & Cas. Co., 519 F.Supp. 668, 678 (D.Del.1981)); United States v. Agnes, 753 F.2d 293, 307 (3d Cir.1985) (quoting same).2 During a pre-trial hearing, the State showed that only Wallace had personal knowledge of all the particulars of its case from his original encounter with Defendant in 1989 until the 1994 stabbing. Furthermore, only Wallace would be able to assist in the cross-examination of other inmates, who as defense witnesses would testify that Defendant's attack was in "self-defense." We hold that the trial court did not err in finding Wallace qualified as an "essential witness" under Rule 615.3 We base our holding on Wallace's unique ability to assist the State in its presentation, and not on the "least weighty reason for considering a witness `essential' to a case [which] is the factual knowledge he possesses." Windsor Shirt Co. v. New Jersey Nat'l Bank, 793 F.Supp. 589, 616, 618 (E.D.Pa.1992) (disallowing a proffered Rule 615(3) witness because it was unclear what difference it made that that witness possessed specialized expertise in banking areas that differed from another witness's specialties), aff'd, 989 F.2d 490 (3d Cir. 1993); see also Miller v. State, 648 N.E.2d 1208, 1210 (Ind.Ct.App.1995)

(noting that "`it is proper to except [from separation] the prosecuting witness ... to be present during the examination of other witness'" because to "`exclude the prosecuting witness would ... place the state at great disadvantage, by leaving its representative without aid from any one having personal knowledge of the case'") (quoting Coolman v. State, 163 Ind. 503, 72 N.E. 568 (1904) (alteration and omissions added)); cf. Fourthman, 658 N.E.2d at 91 (exempting a law enforcement officer to assist in the prosecution of a case under Rule 615(2) "even though the officer may also be called to testify as a witness") (citing 13 Robert Lowell Miller, Jr., Indiana Practice § 615.103, at 284 (2d ed.1995)).4

II

At trial, the State introduced exhibits evidencing previous convictions, sentencings and commitments to show that Defendant was an habitual offender. Defendant contends that the trial court committed reversible error in admitting these exhibits. The challenged exhibits were as follows: Exhibits 35 and 38 were certified copies of court records evidencing Defendant's charging information and sentencing relating to his prior conviction for murder in 1989. Exhibits 44 and 45 were certified copies of prison records detailing his imprisonment for separate battery convictions in 1990 and 1993 respectively.

Exhibits 35 and 38: Certified Copies of Court Records. Defendant argues that the habitual offender determination must be set aside because the certification and stamp of the keeper of the records was not endorsed upon every page of two pertinent exhibits comprising certified copies of court records. He thus claims that the exhibits were inadmissible as evidence. We disagree.

An official record may be authenticated by the seal of a public officer "having official duties in the district or political subdivision in which the record is kept." Ind.Trial Rule 44(A)(1).5 The rule "does not mandate that certification take a particular form." Stiles v. State, 686 N.E.2d 886, 889 (Ind.Ct.App.1997).

Exhibit 35 is a two-page probable cause affidavit containing a certification stamp and signature of the Clerk of Delaware County on the first page only; additionally, the stamp contained a provision for the notation of total page numbers which was left blank. Similarly, Exhibit 38 is a three-page sentencing order containing a certification stamp and signature of the clerk on the last page only, with the stamp provision for the notation of total page numbers also left blank. A reading of the exhibits reveals that each is a complete document clearly referring to the same 1989 murder charge: Cause Number 18D01-8811-CF-46 appears on both documents.

The certification on a single "page" of either challenged exhibit provided adequate certification for the entirety of each exhibit as the certification placement "in no way caus[ed] confusion as to the authenticity of the paper." Chanley v. State, 583 N.E.2d 126, 131 (Ind.1991) (citing Miller v. State, 563 N.E.2d 578, 584 (Ind. 1990)) (ruling admissible under T.R. 44(A)(1) a multi-page document where the certification of a prior felony conviction referred to "foregoing" documents, but which was stapled to the top of the exhibit and thus nothing was "foregoing"); cf. Lewis v. State, 554 N.E.2d 1133, 1136 (Ind. 19...

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    ...facts of the case that a party's attorney could not effectively function without the presence and aid of the witness." Hernandez v. State, 716 N.E.2d 948, 950 (Ind. 1999). As the Court points out, Rule 615's exemptions "should be narrowly construed and cautiously granted." Osborne v. State,......
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