Hernandez v. United States

• Decision Date: 02 March 2015
• Docket Number: No. 13–10352.,13–10352.
• Parties: Rodolfo HERNANDEZ, Petitioner–Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Respondent–Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

778 F.3d 1230

Rodolfo HERNANDEZ, Petitioner–Appellant

v.UNITED STATES of America, Respondent–Appellee.

No. 13–10352.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

March 2, 2015.

Kenneth Duncan Crowder, Crowder Stewart LLP, Augusta, GA, for Petitioner–Appellant.

Rodolfo Hernandez, Fort Worth, TX, pro se.

Christopher Conrad Bly, Michael F. Smith, Dahil Dueno Goss, Lawrence R. Sommerfeld, Sally Yates, U.S. Attorney's Office, Atlanta, GA, for Respondent–Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. D.C. Docket Nos. 1:12–cv–01057–TWT; 1:08–cr–00189–TWT–RGV–6.

Before WILLIAM PRYOR and JORDAN, Circuit Judges, and ROSENTHAL,^* District Judge.

Opinion

WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judge:

This appeal requires us to decide whether the district court abused its discretion when it refused to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine whether Rodolfo Hernandez's counsel provided effective assistance when she incorrectly advised him about the immigration consequences of his guilty plea. Hernandez pleaded guilty to one count of conspiring to possess with intent to distribute at least 1,000 kilograms of a substance containing marijuana, 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(vii), 846, and three counts of possession with intent to distribute at least 100 kilograms of a substance containing marijuana, id. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(vii) ; 18 U.S.C. § 2. After Hernandez entered his plea but before his conviction became final, the Supreme Court decided Padilla v. Kentucky, which held that “counsel must inform her client whether his plea carries a risk of deportation.” 559 U.S. 356, 374, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 1486, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010). Hernandez later moved to vacate his sentence based on ineffective assistance of counsel. 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The district court ruled that counsel did not render deficient performance and denied Hernandez's motion without an evidentiary hearing. Because Hernandez alleged facts that, if true, would entitle him to relief, we vacate and remand with instructions to conduct an evidentiary hearing.

I. BACKGROUND

A federal grand jury indicted Hernandez for one count of conspiring to possess with intent to distribute at least 1,000 kilograms of a substance containing marijuana, 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(vii), 846, and three counts of possession with intent to distribute at least 100 kilograms of a substance containing marijuana, id. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(vii) ; 18 U.S.C. § 2. Hernandez pleaded guilty to all four counts.

During Hernandez's sentencing hearing, his counsel asked the district court to explain the possibility of an immigration detainer:

[T]here has been some discussion that I've had with Mr. Hernandez regarding his Cuban citizenship and the possibility of an immigration detainer. I have informed him that based on the information that I know in my past experience with Cuban Defendants that generally immigration detainers are not issued for Cuban Defendants and generally they are not deported back to Cuba. But if I could have either [the probation officer] or [the court] explain to Mr. Hernandez just so there's some clarity as far as what he could expect....

The district court refused to answer the question because the court “ha[d] absolutely no control over what Immigration and Customs Enforcement does.”

The district court sentenced Hernandez to 120 months of incarceration and five years of supervised release. This Court affirmed his conviction and sentence. United States v. Hernandez, 411 Fed.Appx. 265 (11th Cir.2011).

After the Department of Homeland Security issued an immigration detainer during his incarceration, Hernandez filed a pro se motion to vacate his sentence. 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Hernandez alleged that his “defense counsel advised [him] that based on her past experiences, there is [a] substantial likel[i]hood that he would not be deported from the United States to Cuba.” Hernandez also alleged that his “defense counsel advised [him] that based on her experience, detainers are gene[r]ally not issued for Cuban defendants.” Hernandez alleged that, “[a]bsent counsel's grossly incorrect advice, [he] would not have entered a plea of guilty but would have insisted in proceeding to trial.” And he later alleged that he has “been in [the] United States with his family almost his entire life[,] and therefore, he would not have agreed to plead guilty which will automatically remove him from his family and from a Country he ha[s] called home all [of] his adult life.”

The district court denied Hernandez's motion to vacate without an evidentiary hearing because Hernandez “entered his guilty plea ... more than one year before the Supreme Court's ... decision in Padilla ” and “[c]ounsel's failure to anticipate a change in the law does not constitute ineffective assistance.” We granted Hernandez a certificate of appealability on the issue whether the district court abused its discretion when it denied his motion without an evidentiary hearing.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review for an abuse of discretion the denial of an evidentiary hearing in a motion to vacate a sentence, 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Winthrop–Redin v. United States, 767 F.3d 1210, 1215 (11th Cir.2014). “A district court abuses its discretion if it applies an incorrect legal standard, applies the law in an unreasonable or incorrect manner, follows improper procedures in making a determination, or makes findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “A petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing if he ‘alleges facts that, if true, would entitle him to relief.’ ” Id. at 1216 (quoting Aron v. United States, 291 F.3d 708, 715 (11th Cir.2002) ). But “a district court need not hold a[n evidentiary] hearing if the allegations are ‘patently frivolous,’ ‘based upon unsupported generalizations,’ or ‘affirmatively contradicted by the record.’ ” Id. (quoting Holmes v. United States, 876 F.2d 1545, 1553 (11th Cir.1989) ).

III. DISCUSSION

The district court abused its discretion when it denied Hernandez's motion without an evidentiary hearing. The district court erred when it ruled that Padilla did not govern counsel's performance. And Hernandez alleged facts that, if true, would entitle him to relief. The district court must conduct an evidentiary hearing.

To establish that he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing, Hernandez had to allege facts that would prove both that his counsel performed deficiently and that he was prejudiced by his counsel's deficient performance. Padilla, 559 U.S. at 366, 130 S.Ct. at 1482 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984) ). Counsel performed deficiently if her “representation ‘fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.’ ” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. at 2064 ). And prejudice occurred if “ ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068 ).

As a threshold matter, the government concedes that it led the district court astray when it argued that Padilla did not govern the review of Hernandez's motion because Padilla was decided after Hernandez entered his plea. Although we have ruled that an attorney's failure to anticipate a change in the law does not constitute deficient performance, we were concerned with a circumstance where counsel failed to make an argument in the district court or on appeal that later, because of a change in the law, proved to be meritorious. See, e.g., Elledge v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 1439, 1443 (11th Cir.1987) (explaining that, because counsel “did not have the benefit” of the decision of the Supreme Court in Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 96 S.Ct. 321, 46 L.Ed.2d 313 (1975), counsel was not deficient for failing to argue that his client's rights were violated by “repeated reinterrogation in conjunction with repeated Miranda warnings”); Thompson v. Wainwright, 787 F.2d 1447, 1459 n. 8 (11th Cir.1986) (holding that counsel's “failure to request psychiatric assistance with respect to mitigating circumstances was not ineffective assistance of counsel” because the “Supreme Court's decision in Ake [v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985),] was a change in the law which was not foreseeable”); Proffitt v. Wainwright, 685 F.2d 1227, 1249 n. 34 (11th Cir.1982) (rejecting an “argument that [client's] attorney should have requested expert assistance to aid him in preparing the mitigation defense” because the Supreme Court had not yet decided Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed.2d 973 (1978), and Gardner v. Florida, 430 U.S. 349, 97 S.Ct. 1197, 51 L.Ed.2d 393 (1977) ). None of these decisions involved an application of Strickland to a counsel's performance. Here, the issue is not whether Hernandez's counsel should have made an argument in the district court; the issue is whether Hernandez's counsel performed deficiently when she advised him about the immigration consequences of his guilty plea. As the government concedes, Padilla governs the review of whether counsel performed deficiently when she advised Hernandez to plead guilty.

Based on the rule announced in Padilla, Hernandez alleged facts that, if true, would prove that his counsel's advice was deficient. In Padilla, the Supreme Court held that counsel is ineffective if she does not “inform her client whether [a guilty] plea carries a risk of deportation.” 559 U.S. at...