Hill, Matter of, 92-4126

• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit
• Writing for the Court: Before JONES, DUHE and WIENER; PER CURIAM
• Citation: Hill, Matter of, 972 F.2d 116 (5th Cir. 1992)
• Decision Date: 14 September 1992
• Docket Number: No. 92-4126,92-4126
• Parties: In The Matter of: Jeani Maloy HILL, Debtor. Edmond J. ZIELINSKI, Interim Trustee for the Bankruptcy Estate of Jeani Maloy Hill, Appellant, v. Jeani Maloy HILL, Appellee. Summary Calendar.

Page 116

972 F.2d 116

In The Matter of: Jeani Maloy HILL, Debtor Edmond J. ZIELINSKI, Interim Trustee for the Bankruptcy Estate of Jeani Maloy Hill, Appellant, v. Jeani Maloy HILL, Appellee.

No. 92-4126

Summary Calendar.

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

Sept. 14, 1992.

Lindy D. Jones, Mark E. Andrews, Dallas, Tex., for Zielinski.

Richard A. Pelley, Nall, Pelley & Wynne, Sherman, Tex., for Hill.

Appeal from the United States District Court For the Eastern District of Texas.

Before JONES, DUHE and WIENER, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

The bankruptcy trustee, substitute Appellant on behalf of the FDIC as receiver for Metropolitan National Bank, formerly Sherry Lane National Bank (Sherry Lane), appeals the judgment of the district court affirming the bankruptcy court's allowance of a 200 acre rural homestead to Debtor, Jeani Maloy Hill, a single grandmother in whose rural Texas home resides her divorced and remarried daughter and minor granddaughter. The principal thrust of Appellant's allegations of error is that Hill, as an unmarried adult, is not entitled to a rural homestead in excess of 100 acres. In particular, Sherry Lane complains that (1) the bankruptcy and district courts misconstrued Texas homestead law, and (2) Hill's pleadings were deficient in failing to indicate the number of acres comprising her claimed homestead, and the court erred in permitting Hill to amend her pleading to reflect the acreage claimed. As we find neither error of law nor clearly erroneous factual determinations by either of those courts, we affirm.

I FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

In February 1988, Hill filed a voluntary petition for bankruptcy. Electing the state exemption scheme authorized in the Bankruptcy Code, ¹ Hill claimed a family rural homestead containing 200 acres. As Hill's primary creditor, Sherry Lane objected, insisting that Hill was limited to the 100 acre homestead exemption applicable to single adults. The bankruptcy court conducted a hearing at which Hill and her adult daughter testified regarding Hill's status as head of the household. The testimony reflects that in 1984, Hill removed and protected her daughter and infant granddaughter from a household of domestic violence, and that they have ever since resided with and depended upon Hill for financial and emotional support. The daughter's first husband has never supported his child. In 1987, Hill's daughter remarried, but her second husband did not live with her until 1988, and then only to reduce his expenses. He was unemployed at the time of the hearing and has never financially supported either Hill's daughter or granddaughter. According to the testimony, Hill's daughter returned to work in 1988, but her income is insufficient to support her and her child. Hill testified that she pays the household expenses with funds received from a former business partner.

The bankruptcy court found that Hill is a head of household and that her daughter and granddaughter are dependent upon her for financial, moral and emotional support, as well as for their physical safety. The bankruptcy court accordingly held that Hill was entitled to the 200 acre family rural homestead exemption. The district court affirmed. Sherry Lane timely appealed; this court granted its motion to substitute the bankruptcy trustee as appellant.

II ANALYSIS

The bankruptcy court's factual findings regarding Hill's homestead interest are subject to the clearly erroneous standard of review. ² Pursuant to this standard, we must defer to that court's findings unless, after review of all the evidence we are left with a firm and definite conviction that the bankruptcy court erred. ³ We review the court's legal conclusions de novo. ⁴

The constitutional and statutory provisions protecting Texas homestead exemptions are accorded liberal construction. ⁵ The Texas Constitution provides:

Section 50. The homestead of a family, or of a single adult person, shall be, and is hereby protected....

Section 51. The homestead, not in a town or city, shall consist of not more than two hundred acres of land, which may be in one or more parcels, with the improvements thereon; the homestead in a city, town or village, shall consist of lot or lots amounting to not more than one acre of land, together with any improvements on the land; provided, that the same shall be used for the purposes of a home, or as a place to exercise the calling or business of the homestead claimant, whether a single adult person, or the head of a family; provided also, that any temporary renting of the homestead shall not change the character of the same, when no other homestead has been acquired. ⁶

The "homestead" is also defined statutorily:

If used for the purposes of a rural home, the homestead shall consist of:

(1) for a family, not more than 200 acres, which may be in one or more parcels, with the improvements thereon; or

(2) for a single, adult person, not otherwise entitled to a homestead, not more than 100 acres, which may be in one or more parcels, with the improvements thereon. ⁷

Prior to 1973, a homestead only inured to the benefit of a "family." The framers of the Texas constitution intended that the legislature or the judiciary would define or apply this term. ⁸ The legislature has not given "family" a statutory definition. For over a century, however, the courts of Texas have held that (1) the family relation is one of status, (2) the head of the family must be legally or morally obligated to support at least one other family member, and (3) there must be a corresponding dependence on the other member for this support. ⁹ There has never been a requirement that the head of the family be married. ¹⁰ The requisite familial relationship may be between siblings, ¹¹ adult children and their parents, ¹² or grandparents and grandchildren. ¹³

In 1973, the Texas legislature amended the definition of homestead to provide for single adults. ¹⁴ Sherry Lane argues that this augmentation of the homestead right changed the definition of the word "family" to exclude any family unit in which an unmarried person is the head of the household. We disagree.

The 1973 amendments were intended to grant additional homestead rights to single adults, not to decrease the pre-revision homestead acreage afforded families with a single adult head of household. ¹⁵ The word "family" is a term of art in Texas jurisprudence. ¹⁶ A well settled rule of statutory construction holds that an enacting legislature is presumed to have been aware of the judicial construction of existing law. ¹⁷ Indeed, the homestead statute applies the 100 acre limitation to "a single, adult person, not otherwise entitled to a homestead." The legislature thereby accommodated the jurisprudential definition of family that has been consistently applied in Texas since the nineteenth century. ¹⁸ The legislature thereby accommodated the jurisprudential definition of family that has been consistently applied in Texas since the nineteenth century. ¹⁹

Sherry Lane also argues that Hill has not proved the elements of a family. Again, we disagree. Texas jurisprudence has recognized in the context of the homestead, regarding the requisite element of status, that "[a] social status greatly exists between parents and their children[.]" ²⁰ In this case the testimony reflects that Hill, her daughter and granddaughter function and appear as a unit in the community.

Sherry Lane next contends that because her daughter is married, Hill does not have a financial or moral obligation to support her. Sherry Lane cites no Texas authority for such a per se rule, and we find none. In the absence of such a rule, we conclude that the bankruptcy court in this case was entitled to credit and to rely on the testimony that the daughter and granddaughter were in physical danger in 1984, had no other avenue of assistance but Hill, and have depended on her for emotional and financial support continually since that time. That they have never received assistance from either of the daughter's husbands underscores the propriety of the bankruptcy court's conclusion.

We recognize that married children are not expressly included in the Texas Probate Code's homestead estate exemption. ²¹ We also note, however, that neither siblings nor parents are mentioned in the restrictive probate estate definition, yet both siblings and parents have been held to qualify as family members for homestead purposes generally. Even assuming that the Probate Code restriction applies to the homestead exemption in a bankruptcy case, Hill could have attained head of household status prior to the daughter's marriage. ²² In addition, a grandchild may qualify as the dependent family member even if the parents are still living. ²³

Sherry Lane's next argument, that the daughter's employment disproves her dependence on her mother, overlooks the testimony that the daughter's income is insufficient to enable her to leave her mother's household. This argument overlooks the fact that absolute dependence is not necessary to fulfill the third prong of the Texas test. Central Life Assure Society v. Gray, 32 S.W.2d 259 (Ct.Civ.App.--Waco, 1930, writ ref.). The findings of the bankruptcy judge prove the level of support necessary for dependence under Texas law. Although the term has not been directly defined in Texas Homestead law, other areas of law have defined the term "dependence" in analogous situations.

Under Texas Workman's Compensation law a dependent is one who is sustained in whole or part by another for reasonable necessaries in substantial amounts allowing the recipient to live consistent with his or her position in society. Turner v. Travelers Insurance Co., 401 S.W.2d 618, 622 (Tex.Civ.App.1966, writ ref. n.r.e.) (defining dependence in general); Stanaland v. Traders & General Insurance Co., 195 S.W.2d 118 (Tex.1946) (substantial part); Industrial Accident Bd. v. Lance, 556 S.W.2d 101, 102 (Tex.Civ.App.--Amarillo, 1977, no...