Hill v. Lindner

• Decision Date: 14 July 2009
• Docket Number: No. 20080334.,20080334.
• Citation: 769 N.W.2d 427,2009 ND 132
• Parties: David M. HILL and Lori D. Hill, Plaintiffs and Appellants v. James D. LINDNER and Pamela S. Lindner, Defendants and Appellees.
• Court: North Dakota Supreme Court

769 N.W.2d 427

2009 ND 132

David M. HILL and Lori D. Hill, Plaintiffs and Appellants v. James D. LINDNER and Pamela S. Lindner, Defendants and Appellees.

No. 20080334.

Supreme Court of North Dakota.

July 14, 2009.

Rehearing Denied August 20, 2009.

Robert G. Manly, Vogel Law Firm, Moorhead, MN, for plaintiffs and appellants.

Brian P. Toay, Wold Johnson, P.C., Fargo, ND, for defendants and appellees.

CROTHERS, Justice.

[¶ 1] David and Lori Hill appeal from a summary judgment dismissing their action to enjoin James and Pamela Lindner from operating a licensed day care in their home. The Hills claim the district court erred as a matter of law in deciding the Lindners' licensed day care did not violate a restrictive covenant requiring the property to be used for "residential purposes only." We hold the Lindners' operation of a licensed day care in their home violates the restrictive covenant, and we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

I

[¶ 2] The Hills and the Lindners are next door neighbors in Parkview South Second Addition in Fargo, and their homes are subject to a "Declaration of Restrictive Covenants and Reservation of Public Utility Easements," in which the property developers declared:

"that in order to protect the community and the individual land owners the said property shall be subject to the restrictions and conditions hereinafter set forth and that from this day forward, such restrictions and conditions shall apply to and be a part of every conveyance or deed to said property or any part thereof, the same as though fully incorporated in any deed or conveyance thereof. The said restrictions and conditions shall be deemed and considered as covenants running with the land when conveyed or deeded and shall be binding on the heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns of any person to whom said land may have been conveyed.

....

"1. LAND USE AND BUILDING TYPE. All lots zoned R-1A as presently defined in the zoning ordinances of the City of Fargo, North Dakota shall be used for single family residential purposes only, and all lots zoned R-1 shall be used for no more then double house purposes, other then unless developer chooses to temporarily use any one lot for sales office for the premises, no building or structure intended for or adopted to business purposes, and no apartment house, lodging house, rooming, hospital, sanitarium or professional office, or other multiple family dwellings shall be erected, placed, permitted or maintained on any such lot or on any part of such lot. No improvement or structure whatsoever other than a first class private dwelling, patio walls, swimming pools and customary outbuildings, garages, car ports and fences subject to limitations herein set forth may be erected, placed or maintained on any such lot in the premises."

[¶ 3] The Lindners purchased their property in Parkview Addition in 2001, and they have operated a licensed day care in their home since then. In June 2008, the Lindners' day care was caring for eight children. In June 2008, the Hills sued the Lindners to enjoin them from operating the day care in their home, claiming that use was prohibited by the language in the restrictive covenant that the property "shall be used for single family residential purposes only." The Lindners answered, claiming the action was barred by laches, their day care complied with Fargo's zoning ordinances and their use of the property did not violate the restrictive covenant. The Lindners also counterclaimed for nuisance regarding the Hills' alleged lack of control of their dogs and sought damages and equitable relief for that claim.

[¶ 4] On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court granted the Lindners summary judgment, concluding the restrictive covenant did not preclude them from operating the licensed day care in their home. In assessing the "residential purposes only" language, the court recognized the difference between covenants that require residential uses and covenants that prohibit commercial or business uses. The court said the usual, ordinary and incidental use of property as a residence does not violate a residential use restriction, but an unusual and extraordinary use may violate a residential use restriction. The court decided the Lindners' use of their home for their day care business was residential in nature and consistent with the incidental use of the home as a residence, which did not violate the language of the restrictive covenant for residential purposes only. The court also decided the covenant's restriction that "no building or structure intended for or adopted to business purposes ... shall be erected, placed, permitted or maintained" on the property was "a restriction only as to the type of construction and not as to the subsequent use of the structure." The court concluded that language was not a use restriction and did not expressly prohibit business or commercial use of the property. The court did not decide issues about the effect of Fargo's zoning laws on the use of Lindners' property, or about whether public policy invalidated the covenant. The court also decided the Lindners' counterclaim about the Hills' dogs was not a compulsory counterclaim and dismissed it without prejudice.

II

[¶ 5] We consider this appeal in the posture of summary judgment, which is a procedural device for promptly resolving "a controversy [on the merits] without a trial if either party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and if no dispute exists as to either the material facts or the inferences to be drawn from undisputed facts, or if resolving disputed facts would not alter the result." Grinnell Mut. Reinsurance Co. v. Lynne, 2004 ND 166, ¶ 9, 686 N.W.2d 118 (quoting Hall Family Living Trust v. Mut. Serv. Life Ins. Co., 2001 ND 46, ¶ 6, 623 N.W.2d 32). "Whether [a district] court properly granted summary judgment is a question of law that we review de novo on the entire record." Ernst v. Acuity, 2005 ND 179, ¶ 7, 704 N.W.2d 869.

III

[¶ 6] The narrow issue in this appeal is whether the Lindners' licensed day care in their home violates the restrictive covenant. The Hills argue the district court's decision violates the clear and unambiguous language in the restrictive covenant requiring the property to be used for "residential purposes only." They argue the word "only" precludes use of the property for all non-residential purposes, including incidental uses, and the Lindners are using their property for a business purpose. They assert the district court erred in relying on Beverly Island Ass'n v. Zinger, 113 Mich.App. 322, 317 N.W.2d 611 (1982), which they claim is a dated, flawed and distinguishable Michigan case. They also claim the Lindners' home is "adopted to business purposes" under the language of the restrictive covenant. They further argue the court erred in using an "incidental use" analysis for the day care, and alternatively, if an "incidental use" analysis is appropriate, there are disputed issues of material fact that preclude summary judgment.

[¶ 7] The Lindners respond that the restrictive covenant does not prohibit all business or commercial uses because there is a significant difference between covenants requiring a residential use and covenants prohibiting a business or commercial use. They argue the residential use requirement permits some incidental business activity on the property. They claim the operation of the day care business in their home is an incidental business activity that is a permitted residential use, and if the drafters of the covenant had intended to exclude all business use from the property, they would have used language prohibiting commercial or business use.

[¶ 8] This Court has said a landowner may sell land subject to restrictive covenants, provided the covenants are not contrary to public policy. Allen v. Minot Amusement Corp., 312 N.W.2d 698, 702 (N.D.1981). Restrictive covenants are not favored, but "they will be given ... [full] effect when clearly established." Id. The interpretation of a restrictive covenant is generally governed by rules for interpretation of a contract. See Jackson v. Canyon Place Homeowner's Ass'n, Inc., 2007 SD 37, ¶ 9, 731 N.W.2d 210; Milltown Addition Homeowner's Ass'n v. Geery, 2000 MT 341, ¶ 11, 15 P.3d 458; Stevens v. Elk Run Homeowners' Ass'n, Inc., 2004 WY 63, ¶ 13, 90 P.3d 1162 (Wyo. 2004). See generally 3 Richard R. Powell, Powell on Real Property, ch. 24 (2008); 9 Richard R. Powell, Powell on Real Property § 60.05 (2008); 20 Am.Jur.2d Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions §§ 12-17, 168 (2005). Although restrictive covenants are strictly construed in favor of free use of land and against those who seek enforcement, the rule of strict construction will not be employed to defeat the obvious purpose of a restrictive covenant. See 20 Am.Jur.2d, supra §§ 12-17, 168. A restrictive covenant must be construed as a whole to ascertain the parties' intent in light of the surrounding circumstances and words must be given their plain and ordinary meaning. 9 Powell on Real Property, at § 60.05. See N.D.C.C. §§ 9-07-02; 9-07-04; 9-07-06; 9-07-09; and 9-07-12.

[¶ 9] Courts deciding whether the use of property for a day care facility violates restrictive covenants have reached contrary results depending on the language of the covenants and the facts and circumstances of each case. See Williams v. Tsiarkezos, 272 A.2d 722, 725 (Del.Ch. 1970) (holding day care violated restrictive covenant that prohibited trade or business on premises); Chambers v. Gallaher, 257 Ga. 795, 364 S.E.2d 576, 577 (1988) (holding family day care violated restrictive covenant prohibiting business); Lewis-Levett v. Day, 875 N.E.2d 293, 295-96 (Ind.Ct. App.2007) (holding licensed day care was not residential use and violated covenant prohibiting commercial use); Stewart v. Jackson, 635 N.E.2d 186, 190-93 (Ind.Ct. App.1994) (holding unlicensed day care did not violate...