Hillblom v. U.S., 88-15494

• Decision Date: 21 February 1990
• Docket Number: No. 88-15494,88-15494
• Citation: 896 F.2d 426
• Parties: Larry L. HILLBLOM; Jose Lifoifoi, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America; Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 426

896 F.2d 426

Larry L. HILLBLOM; Jose Lifoifoi, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America; Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 88-15494.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Aug. 15, 1989.

Decided Feb. 21, 1990.

Larry L. Hillblom, pro se.

Peter J. Donnici, Dennis C. Kerwin, Donnici & Lupo, San Francisco, Cal., for plaintiffs-appellants.

John R. Bolton, Asst. Atty. Gen., K. William O'Connor, U.S. Atty., Barbara L. Herwig, Jacob M. Lewis, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant-appellee U.S.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands.

Before GOODWIN, Chief Judge, PREGERSON and REINHARDT, Circuit Judges.

REINHARDT, Circuit Judge:

The relationship between the United States and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ("CNMI") is governed by the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States ("the Covenant"). Pursuant to section 103 of the Covenant, the people of the Commonwealth have the right of local self-government. With respect to their internal affairs, they are entitled to govern themselves according to their own Constitution. However, in the international arena, control of the Commonwealth's international affairs and security needs is delegated to the United States.

The appellants here, two registered voters of the Commonwealth, argue that the United States erroneously "takes the position" that Congress can adopt laws governing the internal affairs of the Commonwealth. Since CNMI voters cannot vote for members of the U.S. Congress, but only for officials of the CNMI, appellants claim that if the United States' position prevails, their votes within the Commonwealth will become diluted or become meaningless.

Appellants seek the following relief: first, an order compelling the United States to appoint a representative under section 902 of the Covenant in order "to reach a constitutional interpretation and understanding of section 103 of the Covenant" and second, an injunction to prevent the United States from enacting or enforcing any laws which violate section 103 of the Covenant and the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. The District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands denied appellants' motion for preliminary injunction and dismissed appellants' complaint.

We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW

The Northern Mariana Islands, which include the islands of Saipan, Rota, and Tinian, are located in the South Pacific north of Guam. After World War II, the United States became the administering authority over the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, including the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, under a Trusteeship Agreement with the United Nations Security Council. See Trusteeship Agreement for the Former Japanese Mandated Islands, 61 Stat. 3301; TIAS No. 1665, art. 3. In January of 1978, the United States and CNMI entered into an agreement guaranteeing CNMI's political independence by jointly signing the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America, Pub.L. No. 94-241, 90 Stat. 263 (1976), reprinted in 48 U.S.C. 1681 note (1987). Pursuant to section 103 of the Covenant, "[t]he people of the Northern Mariana Islands will have the right of local self-government and will govern themselves with respect to internal affairs in accordance with a Constitution of their own adoption." The United States, in turn, "will have complete responsibility for and authority with respect to matters relating to foreign affairs and defense affecting the Northern Mariana Islands." Covenant, Sec. 104.

In addition, the Covenant provides that certain provisions of the United States Constitution and certain United States statutes apply to the CNMI and prescribes certain conditions regarding future Congressional legislation. Section 501 enumerates the parts of the United States Constitution which apply to the CNMI as if it were one of the several states. The list of provisions includes the Fifth Amendment and the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, but does not include the commerce clause, Art. I, Sec. 8, cl. 3, the territorial clause, Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2, or the supremacy clause, Art. VI, cl. 2. Section 502 of the Covenant states generally that the laws of the United States in existence at the time the Covenant is adopted which apply to Guam and are of general application to the States are applicable to the CNMI. However, United States immigration laws, the minimum wage laws, and the coastwise laws are not applicable to the CNMI, except as otherwise provided in section 502. Covenant, Sec. 503. With respect to future legislative enactments, the Covenant authorizes the United States to "enact legislation in accordance with its constitutional processes which will be applicable to the Northern Mariana Islands." Covenant, Sec. 105. If specific Congressional acts are not applicable to the several states, then they must be made expressly applicable to the CNMI. To further the goal of self-governance, the Covenant provides that Articles I, II, III and Sections 501 and 805 of the Covenant cannot be modified without mutual consultation and agreement between the CNMI and United States Government. A & E Pacific v. Saipan Stevedore, 888 F.2d 68, 71 (9th Cir.1989). Finally, section 902 of the Covenant sets forth provisions for regular consultations between the two governments, "[a]t the request of either Government, and not less frequently than every ten years."

The Covenant was approved by 78.8% of the CNMI voters, and by the United States Congress in a joint resolution signed by the President on March 24, 1976. Pub.L. No. 4534, 42 Fed.Reg. 56593 (1977). In accordance with Article II of the Covenant, the people of the CNMI formulated and approved their own Constitution which President In May 1988, a CNMI Task Force studying the effects of the Trusteeship termination reported its apprehension that the United States would try to govern the internal affairs of CNMI through the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution. ¹ The following month, June 1988, appellants filed this lawsuit, seeking an injunction to prevent the enactment or enforcement of laws violating the Covenant, and an order mandating the United States to appoint a negotiator pursuant to section 902 and to confer and bargain in good faith in order "to reach a constitutional interpretation and understanding of section 103 of the Covenant."

Carter proclaimed in effect on January 9, 1978. As of November 3, 1986, the Covenant was in full force and effect, and the authority of the United States under the U.N. Trusteeship was terminated. Currently, the authority of the United States towards the CNMI arises solely under the Covenant.

While not mentioned in the appellants' complaint, the CNMI Legislature, in oral argument supporting its motion to intervene, referred to two laws the U.S. Congress had passed and one proposed bill which threatened to chill the powers of the CNMI Legislature. The appellants cite two of those statutes, plus a third, to support their voting rights argument.

In May 1988, before the appellants filed their complaint, President Reagan had appointed Becky Norton Dunlop as his special representative to bilateral consultations with CNMI, pursuant to section 902 of the Covenant. This appointment was announced by the White House on May 13, 1988, and reported in the CNMI press, but Dunlop did not contact CNMI's Governor Tenorio until July 1st. Governor Tenorio's special representative communicated with Dunlop regarding the negotiations on July 26, 1988.

In October, the district court denied appellants' request for an order to compel the United States to appoint a negotiator, stating that the motion was moot since a negotiator had already been appointed. The court dismissed the entire complaint on the ground that it failed to state a justiciable case or controversy. The judge, in an order which has not been appealed, also dismissed a motion by the CNMI Legislature to intervene, or to file a brief as amicus curiae.

DISCUSSION

Appellants Hillblom and Lifoifoi allege that their right to vote for CNMI officials will be devalued because the United States "takes the position" that it may enact laws affecting the internal affairs of the CNMI without the consent of the CNMI government. The theory is that if Congress enacts legislation affecting the internal affairs of the CNMI, this action would reduce the authority of the CNMI Legislature in the same field, thereby rendering appellants' votes for CNMI officials less meaningful. Without addressing the logic of the voting rights theory and viewing the complaint in the light most favorable to the moving party, appellants' allegations are insufficiently concrete to support their claim. Their assertion that the United States has taken a particular "position" regarding the scope of U.S. authority is not based on any formal declarations, communiques, or statements issued by the United States government or upon any legislative action adopting a position, but upon one isolated and somewhat unrelated comment by counsel for the United States. ² Allegations of injury are premised on potential future acts of the U.S. Congress which may, in some unforeseen manner, undermine their aspirations for self-government. For example, appellants claim that: (a) "[d]irectly impacting the rights of Appellants is the threat by the United States of the future use of the Territorial Clause to justify unilateral United States authority in the CNMI;" (b) the United States is "claiming that its government has ultimate authority" over local laws; (c) the United States "now seeks to alter the basic terms of the Covenant;" and (d) "the United States has, and threatens to in the future,...