Hodges v. United States
| Decision Date | 02 June 1955 |
| Docket Number | No. 15152.,15152. |
| Citation | 223 F.2d 140 |
| Parties | Albert Gus HODGES, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit |
James H. Martin, Dallas, Tex., for appellant.
William O. Braecklein, Asst. U. S. Atty., Dallas, Tex., Heard L. Floore, U. S. Atty., Fort Worth, Tex., for appellee.
Before BORAH and TUTTLE, Circuit Judges, and DAWKINS, District Judge.
Appellant was tried to the court without a jury and convicted of failure to pay the so-called "Gambler's Stamp Tax", as required by former Section 32901 of the Internal Revenue Code. This Court was recently required to pass upon the sufficiency of the indictments and the evidence in three cases arising under the same statute2 but the issues raised here were not directly presented in those cases.
The indictment here charged that appellant:
At the close of the evidence he argued, as he does here, that the Government had failed to prove that he was engaged in "the business of receiving wagers" and that there was a fatal variance between the allegations of the indictment and the proof. The trial judge rejected these arguments and found him guilty as charged, assessing a fine of $1,000.
Appellant, a disabled war veteran, had engaged in bookmaking in 1948, was arrested and received a suspended sentence upon his plea of guilty in State Court. Since that time he had been employed at his brother's newsstand in Dallas, and he denied having taken part in any bookmaking activities after his earlier arrest.
The Government's evidence showed: that Louis King, a confessed "bookie", frequented the newsstand at which the appellant worked; that one Thompson was addicted to betting on football and baseball games and placed his bets with King; that King and Thompson met regularly at a Dallas hotel to transact their business, but later removed their rendezvous point to a cafeteria when "things got hot;" that a city detective appeared in the vicinity of the cafeteria and King requested Thompson to place his money and selections in an envelope and leave it with appellant. Revenue agents testified, and appellant admitted, that he received two such envelopes from Thompson and delivered them to King, and that he delivered "scratch sheets" from King to Thompson.
Appellant further admitted that, knowing the parties, he had a pretty good idea what was in the envelopes but he denied receiving compensation for his assistance. He stated he had merely been accommodating King and Thompson, and denied that he was in any way connected with King's bookmaking activities. Thompson, a Government witness, stated that so far as he knew appellant was not a part of King's operation; and King, testifying for appellant, flatly denied that appellant received anything in consideration for his assistance.
Appellant's argument against the sufficiency of this evidence is based upon his interpretation of the statutes involved. He urges that the tax assessed by Section 3285 was due only from a person who was "engaged in the business" of accepting wagers, and that the Section 3290 tax was collectible only from one who was so engaged either for himself or for another. The two isolated events revealed here cannot, he urges, be accepted as proof that he was in the business.
This argument must fail, we think, because it does not take into consideration the differences in the wording of the two sections. Section 3285, which imposed the tax upon wagers, did make liable therefor only one who received wagers as a business or vocation. Such a person was liable for the special tax imposed by Section 3290, but the latter also applies against any person who "is engaged in receiving wagers for or on behalf of" one engaged in that business. The statute did not require that such a person be regularly "engaged" in receiving wagers for one in that business, or that he be so "engaged" for remuneration; it required only that he be "engaged". We are referred to no cases, and have found none which discuss or pass upon the meaning of the word "engaged" in Section 3290; nor do the committee reports or floor discussions in the Congress specifically mention that problem. We must, therefore, ascertain the Congressional intent from the wording of the statute itself.
The subchapter heading in the statute refers to the special tax as an "occupational tax"; and such a denomination lends support to the argument that the Congress contemplated its application only against one who received compensation or consideration for his receipt of wagers, even though he be not regularly employed. However, the difference in the wording of Section 3285 indicates clearly an intention to distinguish between those who are "in the business" and those who are merely assisting persons in the business. Section 3291 requires one in the business to register with the collector the names and addresses of all persons whom he uses to receive wagers. Therefore, we are of the opinion that in imposing taxes upon commercialized gambling,3 the Congress intended that the "occupational" tax be paid not only by those operating such businesses, but also by anyone who knowingly received wagers on behalf of such persons. When appellant knowingly received Thompson's bets for King, he voluntarily became King's agent and placed himself within that class of persons against whom the Congress assessed the special tax.
In so holding, we are not unmindful of the possibility that overly zealous Revenue agents or prosecutors could conceivably attempt to rely upon this decision in an effort to hold liable for the special tax one who innocently serves as a "messenger" between the bettor and the "bookie". We are, therefore, constrained to emphasize our view that the evidence must clearly reveal circumstances which indicate beyond a reasonable doubt that the person receiving the wagers did so knowingly. We think the evidence summarized herein was sufficient to support, indeed, to require, the conclusion that appellant knew he was receiving wagers for a person in that business.
As previously stated, appellant also argued that he had been charged in the indictment with being in the business of accepting wagers whereas the proof failed completely to prove such facts and related only to the two isolated instances mentioned. Thus, he contends, he prepared to defend himself against one charge and has been convicted of another. The trial court took this argument under advisement, but after study, rejected it for the reason that the indictment specified the violation as being under Section 3294(a)4 and that the provisions of that section clearly relate only to the special tax imposed by Section 3290. Hence, he reasoned that appellant "would be protected as against any double jeopardy, or in other words would have the benefit of res judicata when the indictment here is appraised in the light of the testimony that was presented." He also ruled that it was obvious from the record that "everybody had in mind the occurrences that were developed here in evidence as being the things that were at issue." We think the trial judge was correct in his disposition of the argument. The offense charged was the failure to pay the tax which is specifically referred to in Section 3294(a). While the indictment was awkward and did charge appellant with being in the business, we think it adequately related the offense charged to the statutes involved and that the variance between the specific allegations and the proof was not fatal. Appellant apparently knew what acts the Government would contend subjected him to the tax, and his trial and conviction of the failure to pay the tax will prevent any subsequent prosecution based upon the same acts. We think the variance between the allegations and the evidence was not material and could not have been prejudicial to appellant. Rule 52(a) of Criminal Procedure, 18 U.S.C.A., United States v. Debrow, 346 U.S. 374, 74 S.Ct. 113, 98 L.Ed. 92; Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 55 S.Ct. 629, 79 L.Ed. 1314; Smiley v. United States, 9 Cir., 186 F.2d 903.
Affirmed.
After careful consideration of the indictment and proof in this case, I am persuaded that there was prejudicial error. The indictment charged that appellant:
This language differs substantially from the definition of the offense in § 3294(a). The indictment plainly alleges the failure to pay the tax as the gist of the offense, whereas § 3294(a) makes the doing of an act the gist of the offense.1
Moreover, the proof differed substantially from the indictment. It showed, not that Hodges was engaged in the business of accepting wagers as alleged, but at most that he was engaged in receiving wagers for or on behalf of King, who was engaged in the business.
Thus the indictment was technically defective and there was a technical variance from its allegations. The question which we are bound to consider is not...
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...text of the statute is plain and unambiguous, there is no call to resort to its heading to aid in construing it."); Hodges v. United States, 223 F.2d 140, 145 (5th Cir.1955). Furthermore, we note that the Second Circuit has rejected a similar argument regarding the title of § 6513(b) on a n......
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