Hoefelman v. Conservation Com'n of Missouri Dept. of Conservation

• Decision Date: 05 October 1983
• Docket Number: No. 82-1733,82-1733
• Parties: 32 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. 1773, 32 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 33,853 Allen C. HOEFELMAN, Appellant, v. CONSERVATION COMMISSION OF the MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION, et al., Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 281

718 F.2d 281

32 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. 1773,

32 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 33,853

Allen C. HOEFELMAN, Appellant, v. CONSERVATION COMMISSION OF the MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF

CONSERVATION, et al., Appellees.

No. 82-1733.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eighth Circuit.

Submitted April 12, 1983.

Decided Oct. 5, 1983.

Robert J. Swift, Jr., Carson, Monaco, Coil, Riley and McMillin, P.C., Jefferson City, Mo., for appellant.

Morris & Foust, Max W. Foust and Steven D. Steinhilber, Kansas City, Mo., for appellees.

Before LAY, Chief Judge, McMILLIAN and JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judges.

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

Allen C. Hoefelman appeals from the judgment of the district court ¹ denying his claim under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. Sec. 621 et seq. Hoefelman was transferred from Chief Aircraft Pilot of the Conservation Commission to Equipment Supervisor when he reached age 60. He contends that the district court finding that age was a bona fide occupational qualification for pilots employed by the Department of Conservation was clearly erroneous. We affirm.

Most of the district court's findings are based on undisputed facts. Allen Hoefelman has been working for the Missouri Department of Conservation since January 1, 1948. In July 1962, he was appointed Chief Pilot of the Conservation Commission, which position was later changed to Aircraft Chief Pilot in July 1976. While he held the position of Aircraft Chief Pilot, Hoefelman flew low level flying missions while conducting wildlife surveys and fire patrols. He also frequently transported passengers.

In 1977 Hoefelman drew up an "Operations Manual" for the Conservation Commission, providing among other things that pilots who had reached the age of 60 would no longer be allowed to fly low level hazardous missions. Hoefelman included this provision because he thought that pilots age 60 and older had slower reaction time and increased fatigue, which would interfere with their ability to fly safely at low levels.

Subsequently, the Commission instituted an official policy prohibiting pilots above the age of 60 from flying Conservation Commission aircraft. The Conservation Commission did no independent research in formulating this policy, but solely relied on studies of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and adopted its age 60 limit. Although the FAA standards setting age 60 as the cut-off date were not meant to apply to other agencies, the Commission believed the FAA standards to be applicable because of the particular conditions under which its pilots fly. The Commission pilots do not fly with co-pilots, they carry passengers 75% of the time, and frequently engage in low level flying, which is more hazardous than other types of flying. The Conservation Commission adopted the age 60 limit solely out of concern for the safety of its own pilots and others who might be affected by their flying Commission aircraft.

At the time this policy was formally adopted in April 1981, Allen Hoefelman had already attained the age of 60 years. He was therefore automatically removed from his position as Aircraft Chief Pilot and was transferred to the position of Equipment Supervisor, a job which carried the same salary, grade and job benefits as his previous position.

This appeal concerns the findings of the district court on the effects of aging on pilots, based on conflicting expert testimony presented by depositions. The district court found that given the present state of medical knowledge, there is no way to predict whether particular pilots will be likely to become incapacitated during flight. It is, however, known that aging detrimentally affects the psychomotor functioning of pilots, impairing their ability to fly aircraft safely under certain conditions. The age of 60 has been chosen arbitrarily as the age when concerns about the pilot's ability to fly safely begin to outweigh the benefits of the pilot's individual experience and ability. This age limit actually favors pilots since the data available point to the age of 55 as being the date at which significant psychomotor deterioration begins to take place. Hoefelman v. Conservation Comm., 541 F.Supp. 272, 273-74 (W.D.Mo.1982).

In making these factual findings, the district court relied on the testimony of the Commission's expert witness, Dr. Earl T. Carter, a staff physician at the Mayo Clinic whom the court identified as a "specialist in aviation medicine." ² Hoefelman, supra, 541 F.Supp. at 273, n. 1. Dr. Carter testified that although there are undoubtedly many pilots over the age of 60 who can fly safely, it was his opinion that with the present state of medical knowledge it is virtually impossible to determine whether individual pilots over the age of 60 are able to fly safely. Dr. Carter testified that Hoefelman's holding a valid First Class Medical Certificate issued by the FAA was irrelevant since the examination on which this certificate is granted cannot measure the effects of aging, and thus cannot predict whether a particular pilot is a safety risk.

The district court specifically rejected the testimony of plaintiff's expert witness, Dr. Stanley R. Mohler, an aviation medicine specialist at Wright State University School of Medicine in Dayton, Ohio. Dr. Mohler had testified that he could predict "with 99% certainty" whether a pilot would have a heart attack within two years after he examined him, and that psychological and psychomotor abilities of a healthy pilot do not necessarily decline significantly until the pilot reaches the age of 90 or more. The court gave as one of its reasons for rejecting Dr. Mohler's testimony the fact that Hoefelman himself had testified that he did not believe pilots over the age of 60 should be allowed to fly low-level missions because their reaction time was slower and they were more easily fatigued.

I.

The standards in age discrimination cases have been set forth in EEOC v. City of St. Paul, 671 F.2d 1162 (8th Cir.1982), and Houghton v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 553 F.2d 561 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 966, 98 S.Ct. 506, 54 L.Ed.2d 451 (1977). Following the rules stated in Houghton, the district court first concluded that the action of the Conservation Commission was a per se violation of ADEA since it was based solely on Hoefelman's age. The court then placed the burden of proving that age was a bona fide occupational qualification on the Conservation Commission as required by Houghton.

In Houghton we held that in order to establish age as a bona fide occupational qualification, an employer must demonstrate that either (1) the employer has a factual basis for believing that substantially all older pilots are unable to perform the duties of the job safely and efficiently, or (2) that some older pilots possess traits precluding safe and efficient job performance, which traits are unascertainable other than through knowledge of the pilot's age. 553 F.2d at 564.

In Tuohy v. Ford Motor Co., 675 F.2d 842 (6th Cir.1982), a pilot brought an ADEA claim against Ford when he was removed from flight status upon reaching the age of 60 and was required to take mandatory retirement. Reversing the district court's grant of summary judgment for Ford, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit enunciated standards similar to those set out in Houghton to be met by an employer seeking to establish a bona fide occupational qualification defense. Tuohy, supra, 675 F.2d at 844.

II.

The district court concluded that the Conservation Commission had not violated ADEA in removing Hoefelman from his position as Aircraft Chief Pilot since age was a bona fide occupational qualification for pilots in Hoefelman's position. In reaching this conclusion the district court correctly applied the standards set forth by this court in City of St. Paul, supra, and Houghton, supra. The district court found that age was a bona fide occupational requirement because there was no way to determine whether individual pilots were able to fly safely and efficiently except by reference to their age.

Hoefelman argues that because this determination was based on the testimony of the two expert witnesses, submitted by deposition, the case is removed from the ambit of Rule 52(a), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, "and permits this court to assess the credibility of the expert witnesses and to disregard the trial court's finding." The cases he cites do not fully support his argument. Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. v. Hunt, 486 F.2d 81 (10th Cir.1973), involved documentary evidence, stipulations and depositions. While the court recognized that trial court findings based largely on documentary evidence did not carry the same weight on appeal as findings based entirely on oral testimony, the court also made it clear that the duty of the appellate court "does not extend to the making of an independent evaluation without regard to the findings below." Aetna Casualty, supra, 486 F.2d at 84. The court stated that it was loathe to overturn the findings of the trial court unless they are clearly erroneous. The other cases cited by plaintiff did not involve depositions, but instead involved purchase orders and contracts, Arnolt Corp. v. Stanson Corp., 189 F.2d 5 (7th Cir.1951); affidavits and agreed statements of facts, Blackwelder Furniture Co. v. Seilig Mfg. Co., Inc., 550 F.2d 189 (4th Cir.1977); and correspondence and other documents concerning sales and shipments of wool, Iravani Mottaghi v. Barkey Importing Co., 244 F.2d 238 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 354 U.S. 939, 77 S.Ct. 1402, 1 L.Ed.2d 1538 (1957).

The tendency of many courts of appeals to accord Rule 52(a) a different treatment where documents or uncontradicted testimony was involved was discussed in detail in 9 C. Wright and A. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure Sec. 2587, at 740. Many courts, including this one, have seemingly reached contradictory positions on this issue. ³ We believe that most of this uncertainty has to...