Hoffer v. Microsoft Corp.

• Decision Date: 22 April 2005
• Docket Number: No. 04-1103.,04-1103.
• Parties: Steven M. HOFFER, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MICROSOFT CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee, and International Business Machines Corporation, Defendant-Appellee, and Ariba Incorporated, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Federal Circuit

405 F.3d 1326

Steven M. HOFFER, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MICROSOFT CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee, and International Business Machines Corporation, Defendant-Appellee, and Ariba Incorporated, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 04-1103.

United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit.

DECIDED: April 22, 2005.

Rehearing En Banc Denied May 31, 2005.^*

Steven M. Hoffer, of San Diego, California, pro se.

I. Neel Chatterjee, Orrick Herrington & Sutcliffe, LLP, of Menlo Park, California, for defendant-appellee Microsoft Corporation. On the brief was Joseph T. Jakubek, Klarquist Sparkman, LLP, of Portland, Oregon. Of counsel was Isabella Fu, Microsoft Corporation, of Redmond, Washington.

Charles K. Verhoeven, Quinn Emanuel Urquhart Oliver & Hedges, LLP, of San Francisco, California, for defendant-appellee International Business Machines Corporation. With him on the brief were Robert W. Stone and W. Paul Schuck.

Neil A. Smith, Howard, Rice, Nemerovski, Canady Falk & Rabkin, P.C., of San Francisco, California, for defendant-appellee Ariba, Incorporated.

Before NEWMAN, BRYSON, and DYK, Circuit Judges.

Opinion for the court filed PER CURIAM. Opinion concurring in the judgment filed by Circuit Judge NEWMAN.

PER CURIAM.

Steven M. Hoffer appeals the summary judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California,¹ holding that defendants Microsoft Corporation, International Business Machines Corporation, and Ariba Incorporated do not infringe claim 21 of United States Patent No. 5,799,151 (the '151 patent) and that claim 22 of said patent is invalid for indefiniteness. We reverse the judgment of invalidity on the ground of indefiniteness, affirm the claim construction of the "whereby" clause, do not reach the remainder of the claim construction, and affirm the judgment of non-infringement.

Standards of Review

Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Plenary review is given to the grant of summary judgment, to determine whether the law was correctly understood and correctly applied. See, e.g., Monarch Knitting Mach. Corp. v. Sulzer Morat GmbH, 139 F.3d 877, 880 (Fed.Cir.1998). Summary judgment may properly be granted on questions of fact when no reasonable jury could reach a contrary verdict, even after drawing all reasonable factual inferences in favor of the non-movant. See, e.g., Vivid Technologies., Inc. v. Am. Science & Eng'g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 806 (Fed.Cir.1999).

Issues of the meaning and scope of patent claims are reviewed for correctness, as a matter of law. Markman v. Westview Instruments Inc., 517 U.S. 370, 372, 116 S.Ct. 1384, 134 L.Ed.2d 577 (1996). Invalidity for claim indefiniteness is also deemed to be a matter of law and receives plenary review. See Allen Eng'g Corp. v. Bartell Indus. Inc., 299 F.3d 1336, 1344 (Fed.Cir.2002). The denial of discovery under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(f) is reviewed for abuse of discretion, applying the procedural law and discovery rules of the regional circuit, here the Ninth Circuit. See United States v. Kitsap Physicians Serv., 314 F.3d 995, 1000 (9th Cir.2002); Vivid Technologies, 200 F.3d at 807. A court is deemed to have abused its discretion when it has made an error in law, a clear error of fact, or a clear error of judgment in weighing the relevant factors. See Monsanto Co. v. McFarling, 302 F.3d 1291, 1296 (Fed.Cir.2002).

The Patented Invention

The '151 patent, entitled "Interactive Electronic Trade Network and User Interface," is directed to an apparatus and method by which remote users of computer terminals obtain data concerning economic activity from an index, and interactively post and receive messages concerning economic topics. The '151 patent specification describes the invention as "providing intercomputer communication for implementing collaborative messaging between two or more users that desire to read or exchange messages on any indexed topic of economic activity...." Column 6, lines 60-63.

Claims 21 and 22 are at issue. Claim 21 follows, showing in bold typeface the terms whose construction was in dispute:

21. A method of messaging among at least two remote user terminals ("RUTs") in addition to a host computer ("Host") that uses communication software and hardware to connect to a communication network that supports asynchronous transport mode and serial data transmission, said Host serving as a central messaging information center that provides a plurality of RUTs with data in an integrated application program interface ("IAPI") that coordinates the operation for said Host's other sub-systems that comprise a programmable application ("PA") supporting IAPI menu functions, system commands, and store-and-forward messaging, an index system reflecting at least one published index that divides broad economic activity into mutually exclusive numbered topics that are used routinely in public and private sectors, a memory configured to correspond to said index system using an operating system, said PA's configuration editor for storage, and PA files, and said method comprises the steps of:

storing in said Host's memory, file capacity calibrated to each subdivision of said index system;

modifying said Host's memory, using said PA to store in a complete series those topic boards identified by multiple-digit numbers that match all multiple-digit numbers in said index system;

storing inside said IAPI sufficient logical progressions of menus with commands for a user at any of said plurality of RUTs to select from said topic boards and enter a topic board matching an index number therein by entering input associated with said index number;

and establishing communications over said network between said Host and said plurality of RUTS to enable said PA to control said Host's processing of said RUTs's commands, and transmit over multiple lines messages and data on a selected topic board;

whereby a trade network supports users at said plurality of RUTs who are each guided by said IAPI to select an economic activity, to identify that index topic that corresponds to said activity, to enter that topic board dedicated to said topic, and who are collectively able to concurrently engage in interactive data messaging on said topic boards.

Mr. Hoffer challenges the district court's construction and definition of several claim terms. We review only the construction of the "whereby" clause, for the "interactive" limitation therein suffices to support the district court's finding of noninfringement.

The "Whereby" Clause

Mr. Hoffer states that the district court erred in holding that the "whereby" clause limits the claims, pointing out that the Federal Circuit has held that "a whereby clause in a method claim is not given weight when it simply expresses the intended result of a process step positively recited." Minton v. Nat'l Ass'n of Securities Dealers, Inc., 336 F.3d 1373, 1381 (Fed.Cir.2003). It is correct that a "whereby" clause generally states the result of the patented process. However, when the "whereby" clause states a condition that is material to patentability, it cannot be ignored in order to change the substance of the invention.

Mr. Hoffer proposes that with elimination of the "whereby" clause, claim 21 would not require that the network have the capability of interactive data messaging among users of the system. He explains that collaborative messaging between two or more users may indeed be implemented by adaptation of known sub-systems to his multimode messaging and conferencing on indexed topics of trade, but that interactive messaging is not required by his invention. He argues that since the whereby clause does not state the mechanics of how to update topic board files or store menu files for navigation, or show what enables host programmable applications to transmit to network services, the whereby clause simply describes the overall objective but does not limit the claim to interactive data messaging.

The district court held that such a construction would be contrary to the fundamental invention, which the specification describes as interactive data messaging. The whereby clause describes a network of users at multiple remote user terminals who are "collectively able to concurrently engage in interactive data messaging." This capability is more than the intended result of a process step; it is part of the process itself. This interactive element is described in the specification and prosecution history as an integral part of the invention. The "Summary of the Invention" recites that "[f]rom a remote terminal, the user would enter selected topic boards on a Host Terminal System (`Host System') to address messages to, and receive messages from, other intended users." Col. 6, lines 64-67. Thus, the users communicate with each other. The prosecution history is in accord. Mr. Hoffer points to an amendment during prosecution which made the disclaimer that "newly added [patent claim 21] is an independent method claim ... that satisfies the Examiner's Statement by solely teaching methods distinct from real-time messaging." Amendment, September 29, 1997. However, there is a difference between real-time messaging and interactive messaging, which can occur in real time or asynchronously.

We confirm the district court's construction of the "whereby" clause as requiring interactive data messaging, and that claim 21 is thereby limited to a method that provides interactive data messaging.

Data Messaging

Mr. Hoffer accepts that if the "whereby" clause is viewed as a claim limitation, literal infringement cannot lie because the accused method, called the Universal Description Discovery and Integration system (UDDI), does not permit interactive data messaging. He then proposes infringement under the doctrine of equivalents....