Holmes v. Finney

• Decision Date: 12 September 1980
• Docket Number: No. 77-1931,77-1931
• Citation: 631 F.2d 150
• Parties: Luella HOLMES and Elizabeth Y. Thomas, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Joan FINNEY, E. Dean Eikenberry, Harrasetta H. Kinney, William B. McCormick, and Kenneth L. Elder, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 150

631 F.2d 150

Luella HOLMES and Elizabeth Y. Thomas, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Joan FINNEY, E. Dean Eikenberry, Harrasetta H. Kinney William B. McCormick, and Kenneth L. Elder Defendants-Appellees.

No. 77-1931.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

Submitted April 17, 1979.

Decided Sept. 12, 1980.

Fred W. Phelps, Topeka, Kan., for plaintiffs-appellants.

Jerry R. Palmer, of Stumbo, Stumbo, Palmer, McCallister & Buening, Topeka, Kan., for defendants-appellees.

Before HOLLOWAY, DOYLE and LOGAN, Circuit Judges.

HOLLOWAY, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiffs-appellants Luella Holmes and Elizabeth Y. Thomas appeal a summary judgment dismissing their claims and those of plaintiff Fredia Twine Carrington asserted under the civil rights provisions of 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983 and 1985(3) against defendants-appellees Joan Finney, E. Dean Eikenberry, Harrasetta H. Kinney, William B. McCormick, and Kenneth L. Elder. The principal claim of the first amended complaint alleged that defendants, who were connected in various capacities with the Topeka Housing Authority, ¹ had conspired "for the purpose of depriving plaintiffs of the equal protection of the laws and of the equal privileges and immunities under the laws." The civil rights claims principally concern tape recording incidents detailed below.

I

The plaintiffs' claims

The plaintiffs' pleadings alleged that defendants "conspired to arrange a clandestine tape recording of plaintiffs in the office of the defendant Eikenberry"; that defendants "did conspire to keep such fact secret from plaintiffs for the purpose of entrapping plaintiffs in their conversation so that defendants could gain an improper and unlawful advantage over these plaintiffs who were in an inferior bargaining position to defendants"; that defendants "did moreover conspire to thereafter use said tape recordings of the conversations of plaintiffs against them in a political and socio-economic way, plaintiffs then being the employees of the Topeka Housing Authority and whose jobs were being threatened by the said conduct of defendants and whose financial security was thus at stake"; and that defendants were acting under color of state law. These actions were said to violate 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983 and 1985(3).

Plaintiffs also charged that in furtherance of the alleged conspiracy defendants "did in fact make clandestine tape recordings of the conversations of these plaintiffs in the office of the defendant Eikenberry, all without the prior knowledge or prior consent of plaintiffs"; that plaintiffs Holmes and Carrington were black; that plaintiff Thomas was "Spanish-American"; that all defendants were Caucasian; and that the "matters and things complained of herein were committed and done unto plaintiffs because of their said race, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981." Finally, plaintiffs alleged as to damages that they "have sustained actual damages as a consequence hereof in the amount of $100,000.00 each and are entitled to recover punitive damages from defendants in addition in the amount of $100,000.00 each."

II

The district court's rulings

The trial court treated defendants' "Motion for Determination of Issues in Advance of Trial" as a motion for summary judgment. Having reviewed the pleadings and the other summary judgment documents the court found no allegations of an "affirmative link," see Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 96 S.Ct. 598, 46 L.Ed.2d 561; Kite v. Kelley, 546 F.2d 334 (10th Cir.), "with regard to direct participation in the acts complained of" by defendants McCormick or Elder, and concluded that "this action cannot be maintained against (them) solely upon the ground of respondeat superior." Rather, plaintiffs' claim against these defendants "must stand or fall upon plaintiffs' allegations of a knowing and voluntary conspiracy."

The court went on to note plaintiffs' own statement in one of their pleadings (see I R. 70, 80) that "the only connection of defendants Elder and McCormick to the alleged conspiracy other than principal-agent ties was the alleged statement of defendant McCormick before he admits knowing of the tapes 'that he would never have plaintiff Frieda (sic) Carrington work for him.' " The court's memorandum stated "(i)t would be a litigious day indeed when a mere statement of personal animosity could alone be taken as indicative of a conspiracy to violate civil rights." (I R. 80). Nor did the court feel that an inference of conspiracy could be drawn from the mere fact that the challenged taping incidents followed very closely in time the appointment, ostensibly by defendant McCormick, of defendants Eikenberry and Finney to supervisory positions in the Topeka Housing Authority.

Thus the court found that there were "no facts alleged or admitted which would justify cognizance of the (conspiracy) claims against defendants Elder or McCormick." The court then concluded that "(i)f plaintiffs cannot show a conspiracy for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3), it follows a fortiori that they cannot establish a conspiracy for purposes of § 1981 or § 1983," and that the claims against these defendants therefore could not stand.

As to defendants Kinney, Finney, and Eikenberry, the court declined to find the allegations of conspiracy insufficient since "(s)ome degree of participation, however attentuated, is alleged as to each." The court emphasized a distinction between "the facts alleged to imply conspiracy, and the nature of the wrongs allegedly committed pursuant thereto," and proceeded to determine whether "the mere taping of a conversation by one a party to it is, or is not, a violation of any civil rights statute," concluding ultimately that "no right safeguarded by either 42 U.S.C. § 1981 or § 1983 (was) violated by the act of taping itself, no matter how intentional or surreptitious," and that "(i)nsofar as plaintiffs' case rests upon any direct invasion of their rights under (these sections) stemming from the act of recording itself, it must be dismissed."

The court then confronted the question "whether an alleged conspiracy to violate civil rights is actionable when no rights are actually violated pursuant to the conspiracy, and it is unclear how the acts actually committed could further a design to violate such rights." Applying the principles that "the gist of (a conspiracy) action is not the agreement itself but the overt acts which damage the plaintiff," and that thus "there (must) be some resulting injury or deprivation of rights before the conspiracy is actionable," citing Grisom v. Logan, 334 F.Supp. 273, 278 (C.D.Cal.), the court noted that "(i)n the present case no discriminatory action was ever taken with regard to the tape recording," (emphasis added) ² that "(n)o rights secured by the Constitution were ever violated," and that "(i)f there was a conspiracy to do so, the only 'overt act' done in furtherance of the conspiracy was the act of recording itself, which . . . does not rise to the level of an actionable violation." In the face of divided views as to whether or not a § 1985(3) action requires an overt act which is itself illegal the court expressed its disposition to follow the Fifth Circuit's ruling in McLellan v. Mississippi Power & Light Co., 545 F.2d 919, that such a conspiracy must be "to deprive another of the enjoyment of legal rights by independently unlawful conduct."

The court relied on Taylor v. Nichols, 409 F.Supp. 927 (D.Kan.), aff'd, 558 F.2d 561 (10th Cir.), to support the conclusion that even "were we to repudiate the McLellan 'independent wrong' test, the lack of injury alone would preclude entertaining this suit." Specifically, the court noted that "(a)t least one plaintiff still works for the Topeka Housing Authority"; that "Mrs. Carrington was not even invited to the taped conversation, but appears to have attended for evidentiary purposes of Mrs. Taylor (sic), just as the tapes appear to have been made to memorialize what was said"; that "(p)laintiffs in this case have not specified in what particulars they were damaged by the making of the recordings"; and that "it is clear that the actions of defendants did not rise to the level of an actionable tort, much less a deprivation of a protected right." The court concluded that if there was no actionable conspiracy for § 1985(3) purposes, there could be none upon which to base the § 1981 or § 1983 claims, and that the entire suit should therefore be dismissed.

For reversal plaintiffs argue that: (1) the existence of genuine issues of material fact preclude summary judgment; (2) defendants McCormick and Elder are proper parties because they are either directly or vicariously liable, or liable under respondeat superior principles, for the acts of the other defendants; (3) that a § 1985(3) conspiracy, as well as § 1981 and § 1983 claims, have properly been pleaded because the elements of conspiring, a purpose of denying either equal protection or equal privileges and immunities, an overt act, injury to person and property or deprivation of exercising the rights of citizens, action under color of state law, and a class-based invidiously discriminatory animus have been sufficiently alleged; and (4) that an "actionable" conspiracy exists when a legal means is used toward an unlawful end.

In our view of the case we conclude that we need only discuss the questions whether there was a sufficient showing of a violation of the rights of plaintiffs to support a conspiracy claim under § 1985 and whether the showing of the defendants' actions in arranging and carrying out the surreptitious taping, without more, can sustain the claims under §§ 1981 and 1983. We find no procedural problem in the handling of the matter by summary judgment since we conclude that, viewing the record most favorably to the plaintiffs, the defendants were entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ³

III

The elements of the civil rights claims

As stated in Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102-03, 91...