Hopkins, In re, 97-15936

• Decision Date: 17 June 1998
• Docket Number: No. 97-15936,97-15936
• Parties: -2388, 98-2 USTC P 50,492, 40 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d 306, 98 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 4632, 98 Daily Journal D.A.R. 6587, 2 Cal. Bankr. Ct. Rep. 32 In re Marianne HOPKINS, Debtor. Marianne HOPKINS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 729

146 F.3d 729

81 A.F.T.R.2d 98-2388, 98-2 USTC P 50,492,

40 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d 306,

98 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 4632,

98 Daily Journal D.A.R. 6587,

2 Cal. Bankr. Ct. Rep. 32

In re Marianne HOPKINS, Debtor Marianne HOPKINS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 97-15936.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted April 16, 1998.

Decided June 17, 1998.

Eric M. Nixdorf, Law Offices of Stephen M. Moskowicz, San Francisco, California, for the plaintiff-appellant.

Laurie A. Snyder, Tax Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for the defendant-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California; William H. Orrick, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. CV-96-03982 WHO.

Before: GOODWIN, FLETCHER, and D.W. NELSON, Circuit Judges.

GOODWIN, Circuit Judge:

Chapter 7 debtor, Marianne Hopkins, brought an adversary proceeding against the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") to void certain tax liens assessed against her separate property because of joint tax returns she and her husband filed for the tax years 1982, 1983, and 1984. Ms. Hopkins argued that she was entitled to relief under the "innocent spouse" provisions of § 6013(e) of the Internal Revenue Code. The bankruptcy court concluded that Ms. Hopkins could not raise an "innocent spouse" defense after already having signed a closing agreement under § 7121(b) of the Internal Revenue Code. The bankruptcy court entered summary judgment in favor of the government, and the district court affirmed. This court has jurisdiction to review the case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 158(d) and 1291. We affirm.

I.

Ms. Hopkins is now divorced from her husband. However, during the taxable periods at issue, Ms. Hopkins was married and filed joint tax returns with her husband. For the years 1981, 1982, 1983, and 1984, Ms. Hopkins and her husband took deductions on their joint returns in connection with a certain partnership in which her husband was involved. Later, upon auditing the returns, the IRS determined that the deductions were improper.

In 1988, after Ms. Hopkins had separated from her husband, the IRS settled the dispute with Ms. Hopkins' husband. The settlement was embodied in a Form 906 closing agreement which was signed by both Ms. Hopkins and her husband. The terms of the closing agreement allowed Ms. Hopkins and her husband to benefit from a portion of the contested deductions and did not assess any penalties against them in connection with the disallowed deductions. The closing agreement provided in pertinent part:

Under Section 7121 of the Internal Revenue Code Donald K and Marianne Hopkins ... and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue make the following closing agreement:

WHEREAS, the Taxpayers were investors in Far West Drilling Associates ("the Partnership"), beginning with the taxable year 1981.

WHEREAS, the Taxpayers have made cash contributions to the partnership in the total of $67,500.

WHEREAS, the Taxpayers have claimed losses with respect to their interest in the Partnership on their Federal income tax return beginning in the year 1981, the allowance of which are contested by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.

WHEREAS, the parties wish to resolve with finality the Federal income tax consequences of their investment in the Partnership.

NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby determined and agreed for federal income tax purposes that:

1. The Taxpayers are entitled to an ordinary deduction in the amount of $50,625.00 for the taxable year ending December 31, 1981, with respect to their interest in the Partnership ...

2. The Taxpayers shall be entitled to an ordinary deduction in any taxable year ending subsequent to 1981 equal to the amount of cash payments made by them during such taxable year [determined by reference to another factor] ...

* * * * * *

4. The Taxpayers are not entitled to the investment tax credit with respect to their interest in the Partnership for any taxable year.

* * * * * *

7. No penalty shall be assessed against the taxpayers ... as a result of their interest in the Partnership. The increased interest rate pursuant to I.R.C. § 6621(c) shall apply.

* * * * * *

This agreement is final and conclusive except:

* * * * * *

(1) the matter it relates to may be reopened in the event of fraud, malfeasance, or misrepresentation of material fact;

(2) it is subject to the Internal Revenue Code sections that expressly provide that effect be given to their provisions notwithstanding any other law or rule of law except Code section 7122 ...

* * * * * *

By signing, the above parties certify that they have read and agreed to the terms of this document. (Emphasis added).

On November 7, 1988, in accordance with the closing agreement, the IRS accounted for the disallowed deductions, and made assessments for the additional taxes owed. Along with the tax assessments the IRS also made assessments for interest computed in accordance with § 6621(c). The IRS then filed notices of tax liens against Ms. Hopkins and her husband in Marin County, California, in order to secure payment of the assessments.

In 1995, Ms. Hopkins, who had since divorced her husband, filed a petition for bankruptcy. Ms. Hopkins also filed a complaint seeking a determination that her tax debts were dischargeable in bankruptcy and that the corresponding tax liens entered against her and her husband were unenforceable against her separate property because she was an "innocent spouse" within the meaning of § 6013(e) of the Internal Revenue Code. In support of her claim, Ms. Hopkins alleged that the returns for the tax periods in question substantially understated their tax liabilities, that the understatements were attributable to various deductions taken in connection with a particular partnership that her husband was involved in, and that she did not significantly benefit from the tax understatements.

The government agreed with Ms. Hopkins that her underlying tax liabilities were dischargeable in the bankruptcy proceeding, but the government nevertheless insisted that the tax liens remained enforceable against her separate property because Ms. Hopkins signed a closing agreement and did not reserve an "innocent spouse" defense in that closing agreement. Accordingly, the government filed a motion seeking summary judgment on the tax liens issue.

In opposing the summary judgment motion in the bankruptcy court, Ms. Hopkins argued that the closing agreement resolved only the issue of whether the partnership deductions were valid, and did not determine conclusively the personal tax liability of Ms. Hopkins or her husband. Ms. Hopkins also argued that the closing agreement was unenforceable as against her because the only reason she signed it was that her husband had threatened to harm her if she did not sign it. ¹

On June 25, 1996, the bankruptcy court granted summary judgment in favor of the government, concluding that Ms. Hopkins waived the right to assert the "innocent spouse" defense by signing the closing agreement in 1988. The bankruptcy court rejected the argument that the closing agreement was an adhesion contract.

On July 10, 1996, Ms. Hopkins timely appealed the order and judgment of the bankruptcy court to the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ("BAP"). Upon motion of the government, the BAP transferred the case to the district court.

On April 24, 1997, the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the government. The district court pointed out that closing agreements are final only as to the matters specifically agreed to therein. At the same time, the district court found that where a couple has filed a joint tax return and has entered into a closing agreement to settle any dispute concerning the filing of that tax return, it is implied in the closing agreement that the couple will remain jointly and severally liable for any tax adjustments arising out of that closing agreement. The district court thus found that by signing the closing agreement, Ms. Hopkins agreed to be liable for any and all of the taxes agreed to in the closing agreement and that Ms. Hopkins accordingly waived an "innocent spouse" defense.

Ms. Hopkins filed a timely notice of appeal from the district court's judgment on May 8, 1997.

II.

The only question presented on appeal is whether the district court erred in affirming the bankruptcy court's holding that the closing agreement Ms. Hopkins signed in 1988 barred her from claiming that she was an "innocent spouse" in the current adversary proceeding. We review de novo a district court's decision on appeal from a bankruptcy court, see In re Claremont Acquisition Corp., 113 F.3d 1029, 1031 (9th Cir.1997), as well as the bankruptcy court's interpretation of applicable law, id.

Section 7121 of the Internal Revenue Code authorizes and governs the effect of closing agreements. 26 U.S.C. § 7121. That section provides as follows:

SEC. 7121. Closing Agreements

(a) Authorization.--The Secretary is authorized to enter into an agreement in writing with any person relating to the liability of such person ... in respect of any internal revenue tax for any taxable period.

(b) Finality.--If such agreement is approved by the Secretary ... such agreement shall be final and conclusive, and, except upon a showing of fraud or malfeasance, or misrepresentation of a material fact--

(1) the case shall not be reopened as to the matters agreed upon or the agreement modified by any officer, employee, or agent of the United States, and

(2) in any suit, action, or proceeding, such agreement, or any determination ... refund, or credit made in accordance therewith, shall not be annulled, modified, set aside, or disregarded.

I.R.C. § 7121.

In applying § 7121, courts unanimously have held that closing agreements are meant to determine finally and conclusively a...