Horace ex rel. Horace v. Braggs

• Decision Date: 18 December 1998
• Citation: 726 So.2d 635
• Parties: Ashley HORACE, a minor who sues by her father and next friend, Alphonse HORACE; and Alphonse Horace, individually v. Joyce BRAGGS.
• Court: Alabama Supreme Court

726 So.2d 635

Ashley HORACE, a minor who sues by her father and next friend, Alphonse HORACE; and Alphonse Horace, individually v. Joyce BRAGGS.

1970266.

Supreme Court of Alabama.

December 18, 1998.

Daniel G. Sayers, Mobile, for appellants.

Carl Robert Gottlieb, Jr., of Reams, Philips, Brooks, Schell, Gaston, Hudson & Gottlieb, P.C., Mobile, for appellee.

COOK, Justice.

Ashley Horace and her father Alphonse Horace appeal from a summary judgment entered against them in their action seeking compensation from Joyce Braggs for personal injuries Ashley suffered in a swimming pool accident. We affirm.

None of the facts necessary to the resolution of this case is in dispute. On October 1, 1994, Joyce Braggs organized a birthday party for her 5-year-old daughter at the home of Braggs's sister, Cybil Thomas. Approximately 14 children were invited to the party, and those who attended ranged from 1 to 13 years of age. Thomas's home was customarily used as a family gathering place, in part because there was a swimming pool on the Thomas property. The swimming pool was located behind the house and was partially surrounded by a "wooden privacy fence."

On one side of the house was a carport. It was there that Braggs set up a barbecue grill on which she cooked for the party guests. The wooden fence hid the pool itself from the view of persons in the carport. During the party, refreshments were being served inside the carport.

Among the invited guests was 5-year-old Ashley Horace. She attended the party accompanied by her father Alphonse; her 12-year-old brother Alphonse, Jr.; and her 10-year-old brother Allen. Like other guests at the party, the Horaces and the Braggses were close relatives.

As soon as they arrived, Ashley went into the pool and her father told Alphonse Jr. to watch out for her. Eventually, Ashley got out of the pool and went to the carport for refreshments. As soon as she had eaten a portion of a hamburger, she started to return to the pool. At the insistence of her father, however, she waited a few more minutes before returning to the pool.

After Ashley returned to the pool, Mr. Horace remained in the carport for 15-20 minutes. From the carport, he went inside the house, where he spent approximately 10 minutes. While he was inside, children discovered Ashley lying on the bottom of the pool and they pulled her out. Although she survived and has partially recovered, she has permanent brain damage.

On July 3, 1996, Ashley and her father sued Braggs in a two-count complaint, alleging that Braggs had negligently or wantonly "failed to provide a safe place that was watched by adult supervision for the minor child to swim thus allowing the child to enter the pool area and fall in." The court granted Braggs's motion for a summary judgment. The plaintiffs appeal.

The question in this case is whether a social host, who is not the property owner, owes a duty to provide adult supervision for a child's activities in the landowner's swimming pool while the child's parent or guardian is present on the premises, and where the social host has not been requested, and has not volunteered, to provide supervision for the child.

At the outset, we note that "water hazards" are not regarded as inherently "dangerous instrumentalities." Massey v. Wright, 447 So.2d 169, 173 (Ala.1984) (emphasis added); see also Glover v. City of Mobile, 417 So.2d 175, 179 (Ala.1982); Bailey v. City of Mobile, 292 Ala. 436, 439, 296 So.2d 149, 152 (1974); Mayo v. Mobile Asphalt Co., 272 Ala. 442, 445, 131 So.2d 881, 884 (1961). Also, "[i]t is well settled in Alabama that where the danger from the instrumentality which caused the injury is patent and obvious the doctrine of attractive nuisance is inapplicable." Earnest v. Regent Pool, Inc., 288 Ala. 63, 66, 257 So.2d 313, 316 (1972). (Emphasis added.) "[B]odies of water have long been held to present an obvious danger of drowning, even to children." Englund v. Englund, 246 Ill.App.3d 468, 476, 186 Ill.Dec. 57, 615 N.E.2d 861, 867, appeal denied, 153 Ill.2d 558, 191 Ill.Dec. 618, 624 N.E.2d 806 (1993) (emphasis added).

Moreover, it has been held that "[w]hen small children are being watched by their parents, or entrusted persons in supervision, landowners may be relieved of [a] duty to warn them of or remove [a] dangerous instrumentality the danger from which is apparent." Strode v. Becker, 206 Ill.App.3d 398, 405, 151 Ill.Dec. 420, 564 N.E.2d 875, 880 (1990). In Baldwin v. Mosley, 295 Ark. 285, 748 S.W.2d 146 (1988), the trial court held that a parent's presence on the premises at the time a minor was injured "negated any duty" the premises owner may have owed the minor. Id. at 286, 748 S.W.2d 146. The Arkansas Supreme Court agreed, at least where the offending instrumentality presented an "open and obvious" danger. Id. at 288, 748 S.W.2d at 147.

Nowhere have we found this rule explained more fully than in Laser v. Wilson, 58 Md. App. 434, 473 A.2d 523 (Ct.Spec.App.1984), where a two-year-old child fell from a stairway in the home of a social host where the parents were present. Id. at 438, 473 A.2d at 525. Concerning the duty of the social host vis-à-vis the parents, the court stated:

"[T]he parents of a minor child are charged with, among other things, the `care and welfare' of that child.... The obligation is not a perfunctory one to be performed only at the voluntary pleasure or whimsical desire of the parent.... The responsibility for supervision of such child may be relinquished or obtained only upon the mutual consent, expressed or implied, by the one legally charged with the care of the child and by the one assuming the responsibility. Such parent may not impose the responsibility of supervision of his or her minor child on a third person unless that person accepts the responsibility, and a third person may not assume such responsibility unless the parent grants it....

"The parental duty of supervision looking to the care and welfare of a child includes protecting it from known or obvious dangers. That duty may not be imposed upon, or assumed by, another without mutual consent. It follows that if a condition is open and obvious rather than latent or obscure, no greater duty is imposed upon a host of a child under parental supervision than would be owed to the parent.... The host is not negligent [if] he has performed his duty of having the premises as safe for his guest as for his family and himself....

"In short, to the extent that a property owner's duty to a child social guest may be inversely proportional to the child's age, it is a derivative parental duty assumed by conduct or expression of the parents and host. But where the infant licensee by invitation remains with and under supervision of its parents any added responsibility to a child guest is superseded by the [parents'] accompanying him....

"If an invitation expressly or implicitly assumes the parents' responsibility for supervision of a child and that responsibility is given over by the parents, obviously the duty owed the child by the host grows proportionately with the assumption of responsibility. But where the child is only implicitly invited as part of an invitation to its parents, the host may not have thrust upon him the care and welfare responsibilities of the parent bestowed by God and Act of the General Assembly....

"....

"... [T]he parents of a child may not enter the home of their host as guests, and impose their parental supervisory responsibilities upon host and hostess simply by depositing the child with the other guests. A host or hostess can not be required to follow from room to room an active two year old—brought by his parents—protecting him from his indiscretions and the innumerable obvious though dangerous conditions that exist in every home."

Id. at 445-47, 473 A.2d at 528-29.

The Illinois Appellate Court's Englund case, supra, is essentially on point with this present one. Like this present case, England involved a swimming pool accident that occurred at a children's birthday party while the parents were present on the premises. More specifically, the facts were as follows:

"The homeowners had a party to celebrate one of their children's birthdays on August 20, 1989, at the homeowners's house.... The house had a large deck connected to the back and an above-ground swimming pool in the backyard. The pool was about four feet deep, and there was a deck connected to the pool at the side of the pool that was furthest away from the house. The pool deck ringed the edge of the pool for about a quarter of the pool's circumference. The pool deck had a four foot fence along its outer edges and was aligned in such a way that its surface area could be seen from the house deck.

"The pool took up a good portion of the homeowners' yard. Next to the pool was a garage and behind the garage was a swing set with sand spread underneath it to eliminate mud under the swings. Because the sand area was behind the garage, very little of it could be seen from the house deck. A set of permanent wooden steps leading to the pool deck began just across from the sand area. At the top of the wooden steps was a gate with a latch. The gate, which was four feet high, was not self-closing. There was a dispute as to whether a small child could open the latch from outside the deck.

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