Houk v. State
| Decision Date | 31 December 1987 |
| Docket Number | 18025,Nos. 18024,s. 18024 |
| Citation | 747 P.2d 1376,103 Nev. 659 |
| Parties | Delores HOUK, Appellant, v. The STATE of Nevada, Respondent. (Two Cases) |
| Court | Nevada Supreme Court |
Lambrose, FitzSimmons & Perkins, Carson City, for appellant.
Brian McKay, Atty. Gen., Noel S. Waters, Dist. Atty., and Lawrence J. Stratman, Deputy Dist. Atty., Carson City, for respondent.
These are consolidated appeals from judgments of conviction, pursuant to guilty pleas, of three counts of issuance of a no account check, and two counts of uttering a forged instrument. NRS 205.130; 205.110. Appellant received three ten-year sentences on the issuance charges, and two ten-year sentences on the uttering charges; all sentences are consecutive. Appellant's sole contention on appeal is that her sentence of fifty years violates the constitutional proscription against cruel and unusual punishment because it is grossly disproportionate to the seriousness of her crimes. She therefore requests this court to reverse her sentence under the rationale of Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 103 S.Ct. 3001, 77 L.Ed.2d 637 (1983).
Appellant Delores Houk, age 51 at sentencing, is a chronic gambler with a history of fraudulent or insufficient funds check offenses dating back to 1959. Since that date, Houk has been arrested eleven times, resulting in two felony and four misdemeanor convictions. The instant charges in Docket No. 18024 arise from Houk's activities between May 17, 1985 and June 18, 1985. During this one month period Houk passed seventeen checks drawn on a closed account, obtaining a total of $12,640 from the Ormsby House, the Carson Nugget, and Lucky's Market. In early July 1985, the Carson City District Attorney's office received a request for an arrest warrant for Houk on these seventeen checks. Houk contacted the district attorney and asked for an opportunity to make restitution, which request was granted. Shortly thereafter, on July 20, 1985, Houk attempted to negotiate another check drawn on insufficient funds at Lucky's Market. Lucky's employees recognized Houk and immediately had her arrested for this offense. She was released on $2,500 bail later that same day. (Docket No. 18025 concerns this charge as well as two of the forgery charges described below).
On July 24, 1985, the district attorney filed a complaint against Houk charging her with seventeen counts of issuance of a no account check. A complaint charging her with attempted issuance of an insufficient funds check was also filed against her the next day. On July 31, 1985, Houk was arrested on the issuance charges, and was subsequently released on a $5,000 bond. Houk again asked for and received time to make restitution, thus forestalling the criminal proceedings against her.
While on bail for these offenses, Houk committed numerous uttering and issuance offenses in Washoe, Clark, Mineral and Lyon Counties, as well as in Carson City. In October 1985, while working as a waitress in Yerington, Houk stole a co-worker's purse, including the woman's check cashing card and driver's license. She then had 200 checks printed using her co-worker's account number, and forged and uttered an additional forty checks amounting to approximately $3,900. At least one of those checks was passed in Carson City, and is the subject of one forgery count in Docket No. 18025. On January 3, 1986, the Yerington Police Department arrested Houk on five felony charges stemming from this incident, at which time Houk confessed to these crimes. Houk was later released on $15,000 bail.
In June 1986, Houk obtained a credit card in the name of Marie Taylor by using false information. In August 1986, Houk, using an assumed name and a false social security number, obtained false identification from the department of motor vehicles. With this false identification, she first opened a checking account in the name of J & J Upholstery, a nonexistent business, and successfully passed a check on this account in Carson City. She also ordered 300 checks on the account of J & S Upholstery, a Carson City business, and forged at least two checks on this account. Also in August of 1986, Houk obtained a check from Robinson Street Properties, another Carson City business. Again she obtained false identification from the motor vehicle department, had 500 additional checks printed up, and began passing forged checks in Carson City and Reno. Between September 2nd and 8th, 1986, in Carson City alone, Houk wrote four checks on this account totalling approximately $5,335.
The timing of Houk's other offenses while out on bail is not clear from the record. At some time, however, Houk travelled to Hawthorne and passed about $200 worth of bad checks. Houk was arrested again. After being released on her own recognizance, Houk failed to appear for arraignment on these charges. Houk also wrote numerous checks in Las Vegas and Reno, totalling approximately $5,000.
On October 1, 1986, the Carson City District Attorney filed two complaints against Houk, charging her with forgery of her co-worker's check and forgery of a check drawn on J & S Upholstery's account. The Carson City Sheriff arrested Houk for these charges on October 3, 1986; bail was set at $25,000. Houk has been incarcerated since her arrest.
Houk caused her victims to lose approximately $35,000 during her check writing sprees. Facing a total of twenty felony counts in Carson City, Houk agreed to plead guilty to three counts of issuance of a no account check and two counts of uttering a forged instrument in exchange for the dismissal of the other fifteen felony counts. Additionally, Carson City agreed that it would not prosecute Houk on an additional seven felony counts arising from the offenses described above. Houk's counsel below also successfully obtained assurances from Washoe, Lyon, Clark and perhaps Mineral Counties that the charges pending against her in those counties would not be pursued.
At sentencing, the district judge considered the presentence report, as well as the representations of counsel, Houk's written and oral statements, and many letters from Houk's former husband, his children, and friends of her former husband's family. These letters stressed that Houk was not only a compulsive gambler, but an extraordinary con artist and liar. The district judge accepted the plea bargain and sentenced Houk to five consecutive ten-year sentences in the Nevada State Prison, primarily because she wrote numerous bad checks while out on bail, and because he believed that she could not be trusted to be admitted to probation due to "a complete and total personal dishonesty that cannot be changed."
Appellant contends on appeal that her sentence of fifty years violates the constitutional proscription against cruel and unusual punishment because it is grossly disproportionate to the seriousness of her crimes, and therefore requests this court to reverse her sentence under the rationale of Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 103 S.Ct. 3001, 77 L.Ed.2d 637 (1983). For the reasons set forth below, we decline to overturn her sentence.
Appellant first argues that in comparison to the gravity of the offenses she committed, the penalty she received is harsh. She does not support this argument with any authority, but generally argues that a fifty-year sentence is extraordinary for any criminal, and that her sentence amounts to in excess of one year in prison for each $1,000 stolen. She also makes the bare allegation that white collar criminals who embezzle far greater sums from hundreds of victims commonly receive either nominal prison terms or probation.
Appellant's argument is unconvincing. The maximum penalty for each felony count to which she pleaded guilty is ten years and a $10,000 fine. See NRS 205.090, 205.130. The district court sentenced her to ten years on each count, and ran the sentences consecutively. Appellant was not simply writing insufficient funds checks on her own account. She ordered checks under assumed names, and passed numerous forged...
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