Houston Agricultural Credit Corp. v. U.S.

• Decision Date: 16 July 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-2370,83-2370
• Citation: 736 F.2d 233
• Parties: 84-2 USTC P 9652 HOUSTON AGRICULTURAL CREDIT CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 233

736 F.2d 233

84-2 USTC P 9652

HOUSTON AGRICULTURAL CREDIT CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 83-2370.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

July 16, 1984.

Daniel K. Hedges, U.S. Atty., James R. Gough, Asst. U.S. Atty., Houston, Tex., Glenn L. Archer, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Michael L. Paup, Chief, Appellate Section, Richard Farber, Elaine F. Ferris, Attys., Tax Div., U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant-appellant.

Chamberlain, Hrdlicka, White, Johnson & Williams, Bruce Locke, George A. Hrdlicka, Shelley Cashion, Houston, Tex., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before TATE, JOLLY and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.

W. EUGENE DAVIS, Circuit Judge:

The government appeals from the award of attorney's fees to Houston Agricultural Credit Corporation under the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2412 (1981) based on the district court's conclusion that the position of the Internal Revenue Service was not substantially justified. We reverse.

I.

The taxpayer, Houston Agricultural Credit Corporation (Houston), is a state-chartered financial institution engaged in making loans to Texas farmers and ranchers. On its federal income tax returns for 1974 and 1975, Houston claimed deductions for anticipated bad debt losses by adding to its reserve for bad debts as authorized by 26 I.R.C. Sec. 166(c). The dispute arose over the method of computing the reserve. Houston considered itself the functional equivalent of a federally-chartered production credit association, which by statute was permitted a total reserve of 3.5 percent of its loans. See 12 U.S.C. Sec. 2095 (1980). Based on this assumption, Houston took deductions of $50,000 and $92,000 for 1974 and 1975, and thereby established a bad debt reserve which represented 3.191 per cent of its outstanding loans ($514,381).

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS), on audit, administrative review, and at trial contended that Houston's bad debt reserve should be based on an average of Houston's actual bad debt losses for the past six years. This position was bottomed on Black Motor Co. v. Commissioner, 41 B.T.A. 300 (1940), aff'd on other grounds, 125 F.2d 977 (6th Cir.1942). Using this formula, the Commissioner determined that Houston was liable for tax deficiencies of $31,791.62 in 1974 and $55,710.24 in 1975.

In January 1980, Houston paid the deficiencies and claimed a refund for the entire amount of the assessed taxes, which the IRS administratively denied. Houston then filed suit for a refund in the district court, asserting that the Commissioner had abused his discretion in disallowing its additions to its bad debt reserve.

At trial, Houston presented several witnesses who testified that agricultural lending was much riskier than commercial lending because of its vulnerability to fluctuating market conditions, insect infestations, and severe weather conditions, such as hurricanes, droughts and floods. Houston established that if a hurricane or similar calamity strikes a given area, a large number of farmers will suffer catastrophic losses; their lenders must then absorb these extensive losses in that year.

Two officials of the Federal Intermediate Credit Bank stated that the risk exposure of agricultural lenders was increasing drastically because of the switch from family farms to larger organizations, and because higher costs of farming required the size of the lender's loans to each farmer to increase dramatically. Severe loss by the farm lender, according to one official, is "not a matter of whether. It's just a matter of when." In addition, these witnesses testified that the six year average used in the Black Motor formula was too short a period for accurately predicting the percentage of agricultural debts that will be uncollectible in the future. They believed that Houston's reserves were reasonable, while another official felt the reserves were too low.

The auditor for the IRS testified he used the Black Motor formula because it was an accepted method of evaluating losses. He also testified that Houston's average bad debt loss over a twenty-one year period was not significantly different from the six year average he used. The auditor neither gave weight to the fact that Houston was an agricultural lender nor considered whether agricultural lending was riskier than commercial lending.

The jury found that the Commissioner had abused his discretion in disallowing the deductions and returned a verdict in favor of Houston.

On a motion by Houston, the court considered whether the taxpayer was entitled to attorney's fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2412(d)(1)(A) which provides that the court may award attorney's fees and costs "to a prevailing party other than the United States ... in any civil action ... brought by or against the United States ... unless the court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust." The court concluded that the government "failed to meet its burden of proving that its position was substantially justified within the meaning of the statute" and awarded Houston $25,028.18 in attorney's fees. The government then filed this appeal.

II.

We held in Knights of the K.K.K. v. East Baton Rouge, 679 F.2d 64 (5th Cir.1982), that an award or denial of attorney's fees is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. We agree with the D.C. Circuit which held in Spencer v. N.L.R.B., 712 F.2d 539 (D.C.Cir.1983), that the "abuse of discretion standard" under the EAJA should be given the same special meaning accorded that term in the review of preliminary injunctions and other preliminary orders: "On one hand, it has been interpreted to require highly deferential review of district courts' tentative findings of fact; such determinations are not overturned unless 'clearly erroneous' and, in practice, are rarely subjected to critical examination." [citations omitted]. "On the other hand, it allows for close scrutiny of district courts' rulings on questions of law. [citations omitted]. Id. at 565; See United States v. 2,116 Boxes of Boned Beef, 726 F.2d 1481 (10th Cir.1984); Foster v. Tourtellotte, 704 F.2d 1109 (9th Cir.1983).

A party prevailing against the federal government is entitled to attorney's fees unless the government's position was substantially justified or special circumstances would make an award unjust. Knights of the KKK v. East Baton Rouge Parish School Board, 679 F.2d at 68. The test for substantial justification is reasonableness. S & H Riggers & Erectors, Inc. v. O.S.H.R.C., 672 F.2d 426 at...