Huss v. DeMott

• Decision Date: 17 July 1974
• Docket Number: 47421,Nos. 47385,s. 47385
• Citation: 524 P.2d 743,215 Kan. 450
• Parties: Michelle Lea HUSS, a minor child, By and Through her mother and next friend, Patricia A. Huss, Appellant, v. Francis L. DeMOTT, Appellee. Tricia Ann STEADMAN, a minor child, By and Through her mother and next friend, Wilma Beerbower, Appellant, v. John SAUERWEIN, Appellee.
• Court: Kansas Supreme Court

Page 743

524 P.2d 743

215 Kan. 450

Michelle Lea HUSS, a minor child, By and Through her mother and next friend, Patricia A. Huss, Appellant, v. Francis L. DeMOTT, Appellee.

Tricia Ann STEADMAN, a minor child, By and Through her mother and next friend, Wilma Beerbower, Appellant, v. John SAUERWEIN, Appellee.

Nos. 47385, 47421.

Supreme Court of Kansas.

July 17, 1974.

Syllabus by the Court

1. In construing changes in a statute this court will presume the legislature intended to supply some want, to fill some deficiency or to add something to make the former legislation more complete and workable.

2. To determine legislative intent in order to properly construe changes in a statute this court must examine existing conditions, causes which impelled the enactment and the object sought to be obtained.

3. In actions brought by illegitimate children to obtain support from putative fathers the records on appeal are examined and it is held the limitation for instituting paternity proceedings contained in K.S.A. (Weeks) 38-1104 relates to the mother's statutory action and does not limit the time in which an illegitimate child may bring the non-statutory action recognized in Doughty v. Engler, 112 Kan. 583, 211 P. 619, 30 A.L.R. 1065.

Daniel F. Meara, of Meara & Eichor, Fort Scott, argued the cause and was on the brief for the appellants.

R. L. White, of White & Nettles, Pittsburg, argued the cause and was on the brief for Francis L. DeMott, appellee.

Forrest E. Short Of Short & Short, Fort Scott, argued the cause, and Joel B. Short, Fort Scott, was with him on the brief for John Sauerwein, appellee.

FROMME, Justice:

Separate appeals to this court were perfected raising identical questions in two different paternity actions; both actions were dismissed with prejudice in the district court. The appeals were consolidated in this court on a stipulation by all parties that the questions are identical and a decision in the Huss case No. 47,385 will be determinative of the Steadman case No. 47,421.

Effective July 1, 1970, the legislature repealed what was commonly called the bastardy statute (K.S.A. 62-2301 et seq.) and enacted what is now referred to as the statute governing paternity proceedings (K.S.A. (Weeks) 38-1101 et seq.). The new statute contains the following limitation section:

'No action to determine paternity shall be instituted more than one year after the birth of the child whose paternity is in issue.' (38-1104. Emphassis added.)

A similar limitation was contained in the former bastardy statute as follows:

'No prosecution under this act shall be instituted after two years from the birth of such bastard child.' (K.S.A. 62-2317. Emphasis added.)

The primary question raised in these appeals is whether the limitation in the new statute governing paternity proceedings applies to the non-statutory action for support when brought by an illegitimate child in accordance with Doughty v. Engler, 112 Kan. 583, 211 P. 619, 30 A.L.R. 1065. We have previously refused to apply the limitation section in the bastardy statute to actions for support brought by illegitimate children against their putative fathers.

Under the facts of this case (Huss No. 47,385) the action was filed on April 5, 1973, by and on behalf of the illegitimate child. This was slightly more than three years after the child was born. If the new limitation section in the paternity statute applies the cause of action is barred.

A review of the former case law and the bastardy statute will be helpful. In Kansas we have had two distinct proceedings in which the paternity of an illegitimate child could be legally determined. One proceeding could be brought by the mother under the bastardy statute. The other could be brought by the illegitimate child based on the decision in Doughty v. Engler, supra. The child's cause of action did not depend upon the enforcement of the mother's rights under the bastardy statute (see Myers v. Anderson, 145 Kan. 775, 67 P.2d 542; McGregor v. Turner, 205 Kan. 386, 469 P.2d 324; and Lawrence v. Boyd, 207 Kan. 776, 486 P.2d 1394); nor was it limited by the two year provision, for in Doughty v. Engler, supra, the child was 4 years old when the action was brought and in Grayson v. Grayson, 182 Kan. 285, 320 P.2d 803, the children who filed the action were 10, 9 and 6 years old.

Under the former bastardy statute the mother was the prosecuting witness (K.S A. 62-2301) and the action had to be initiated by the mother (see State v. Jehlik, 66 Kan. 301, 71 P. 572). The action was for the benefit of the unmarried mother. It was prosecuted in the name of the State of Kansas on the relation of the mother. (K.S.A. 62-2303.) Criminal sanctions were available if the father refused or failed to comply with an adverse judgment. (K.S.A. 62-2313.) The proceedings had the generally accepted features of a criminal prosecution. The proceedings were initiated on a complaint. The putative father was then arrested on a warrant and brought before a justice of the peace. (K.S.A. 62-2301.) After a hearing before the justice of the peace he was either discharged or bound over for trial in the district court. (K.S.A. 62-2305.) The history of the statute and the nature of the proceedings are discussed in State, ex rel., v. Pinkerton, 185 Kan. 68, 340 P.2d 393.

In comparison the child's action under Doughty is different in various ways. It is initiated in the district court as any other civil action. Its purpose is to force the putative father to support the illegitimate child. The action is based on the father's obligation to support his children. That obligation extends to degitimate and illegitimate children alike and arises from the public policy of this state. See Doughty v. Engler, supra. In such an action paternity has to be established in order to give rise to an obligation to support. In Myers v. Anderson, supra, the right to support is held to be a chose in action belonging solely to the child. The right of action cannot be compromised or settled by a parent acting independently. See Grimes v. Grimes, 179 Kan. 340, 295 P.2d 646, and Myers v. Anderson, supra. Such an action can be initiated on behalf of the child by a guardian or next friend. The death of the mother does not affect the right to bring and maintain the child's action. As previously pointed out the action was not subject to the period of limitation contained in the bastardy statute.

In support of the district court's orders the appellees argue the limitation section in the new statute was intended by the legislature to limit the time in which the action for support may be brought by an illegitimate child. On the basis of the statute (38-1104) the appellees contend an illegitimate child's action for support is forever barred one year after birth unless the issue of paternity has been previously resolved. Appellees further argue the change in phraseology and the deletions from the statute raise a strong presumption that a change in meaning was intended by the legislature.

We accept that postulate on the basis of State, ex rel. v. Richardson, 174 Kan. 382, 386, 256 P.2d 135. In construing changes in a statute this court will presume the legislature intended to supply some want, to fill some deficiency or to add something to make the former legislation more complete and workable. It does not necessarily follow, however, that the change intended is that urged by appellees in these appeals.

Appellees lean heavily on the language in the new limitation section (38-1104) which, they say, has broadened the limitation to cover all paternity actions. In expressing the limitation under the former statute (62-2317) the legislature used the words 'no prosecution under this act' while in the new act (38-1104) the words 'no action to determine paternity' are used. What was the purpose of the legislature in making this change?

We note under the former act a 'prosecution' was commenced on a complaint with a warrant issued for the arrest of the putative father. As previously pointed out, when the new statute was enacted all sections of the old act which sounded in the nature of a criminal prosecution were deleted. The new act refers to the proceeding, not as a 'prosecution' but as 'a civil action to determine paternity.' Because of this legislative change it became necessary to change the wording in the limitation section. The proceeding was no longer a 'prosecution'. It is 'a civil action to determine paternity.'

Although not controlling, it may be of some interest to note that the Revisor of Statutes, in keeping with the tenor of the new act, removed the sections from Chapter 62 of the Kansas statutes annotated and placed them in Chapter 38. Chapter 62 was at that time...