Hutton v. Maynard

• Decision Date: 03 February 2016
• Docket Number: No. 15–1300.,15–1300.
• Citation: 812 F.3d 679
• Parties: Herman L. HUTTON, Plaintiff–Appellant v. Danny MAYNARD, Sr., Mayor, Individually and as Mayor of the City of England, Arkansas ; Lenny Abrams; Peggy Baker ; Rick Douglas; Dearl Frizzell; Mary Givens; Bill Newton ; Jeremy Nutz; Dudley Webb, Jr.; City of England, Arkansas, Defendants–Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

812 F.3d 679

Herman L. HUTTON, Plaintiff–Appellant

v.Danny MAYNARD, Sr., Mayor, Individually and as Mayor of the City of England, Arkansas ; Lenny Abrams; Peggy Baker ; Rick Douglas; Dearl Frizzell; Mary Givens; Bill Newton ; Jeremy Nutz; Dudley Webb, Jr.; City of England, Arkansas, Defendants–Appellees.

No. 15–1300.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: Sept. 23, 2015.

Filed: Feb. 3, 2016.

James Monroe Scurlock, argued, Little Rock, AR, Anthony Bryce Brewer, North Little Rock, AR, Matthew Reid Krell, Tuscaloosa, AL, on the brief, for Plaintiff–Appellant.

Michael Allen Mosley, argued, North Little Rock, AR, for Defendants–Appellees.

Before WOLLMAN, COLLOTON, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

Herman Hutton brought claims pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, and pursuant to state law, alleging that he was terminated as Chief of Police of England, Arkansas, in retaliation for his desire to promote an African American staff member at the police department, in retaliation for his preaching off-duty as an ordained Baptist minister, and because the City wanted to replace him with someone younger. The district court¹ granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants on all of Hutton's federal claims and dismissed his state law claim of wrongful discharge without prejudice. On appeal, Hutton challenges only the dismissal of the retaliation claim² based on his desire to promote an African American staff member.³ We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and, finding no error, we affirm.

I. Background

Hutton, a white man, began working as the Chief of Police for the City of England, Arkansas, on August 6, 2007. In 2009, Hutton began preaching as a Baptist minister on his days off. In 2012, local residents complained about a community meeting Hutton led that they thought had too much religious emphasis and felt like a church service. The Mayor of England, Danny Maynard, asked Hutton to focus on city matters during community meetings and when on-duty.

Hutton also experienced conflict with the City over certain firearms certifications. Hutton was responsible for ensuring the certification of his officers. As of September 19, 2012, the date on which Hutton was terminated, Hutton's officers were not up-to-date on their firearms certifications and had not been firearms-certified for over two years, from June 2010 to September 2012. According to Hutton, this was due to a shortage of ammunition. The City countered that, had Hutton brought the issue to the City Council's attention, the Council would have provided the necessary extra funds for ammunition.

Concerned community members also sent other complaints to Maynard about Hutton and his department's performance. For example, the Director of the Housing Authority complained that no officer had responded to a crime that occurred at the Housing Authority. A local businessman also complained that Hutton's officers targeted one of his employees to give him a ticket. According to Hutton, the ticket was for a legitimate traffic stop.

At some point, Hutton also became aware of a dent in the fender of his new department-issued Tahoe. Maynard asked him to repair it, but he failed to do so. Hutton also exceeded the City's budget when purchasing dashboard video cameras pursuant to a federal grant, and he did not return one camera to the vendor as instructed. After Hutton had been asked five times whether the camera had been sent back and he had still failed to return it, the issue, according to Maynard, became "the straw that broke the camel's back" and Maynard decided to terminate Hutton.

The day before Hutton was terminated, he informed Maynard that he wanted to promote Brenda Parks, an African American staff member. Maynard told Hutton, "You do whatever you think is right, Chief." While Parks did not receive the promotion immediately because the city eliminated the intended job, she was not fired and she remained in her previous position. The intended position was then consolidated with another position within the department, and Parks was promoted to the new position. She is currently the department's head dispatcher.

Hutton alleged that Maynard and Maynard's friends,⁴ including a City Council member, openly displayed racially discriminatory animus towards African American citizens of the city. Hutton said that they referred to African American citizens with terms such as "those people," "them people," and "the people from the other side of the tracks." One of Maynard's friends used the "n-word" and, according to Hutton, Maynard took no offense at the use of the term.

After he was terminated, Hutton appealed the decision to the City Council, requesting reinstatement. At the City Council meeting, no one, including Hutton, mentioned Hutton's attempt to promote Parks or his religious activities. The Council's process is unclear, but in any case the Council had an executive session at which they voted to not reinstate Hutton. At the session, Maynard provided the members with information about at least two terminable offenses—the firearms certification and camera issues—as well as his view that Hutton had neglected some of his job duties.

Only one Council member voted to reinstate Hutton, and she did so because Maynard failed to offer any documentation to support his allegations about Hutton's shortcomings. Later, a second Council member said she felt somewhat misled by Maynard about the extent of Hutton's problems on the job. All Council members who were asked agreed, however, that the subject of Hutton's desire to promote Parks was never raised or discussed during the executive meeting. Moreover, none of the Council members disputed that there were complaints about Hutton's job performance, that Hutton had failed to ensure his officers were firearms-certified, or that Hutton had failed to return a camera and get his department-issued vehicle repaired as instructed.

II. Discussion

We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Hutton, the non-moving party. Sprenger v. Fed. Home Loan Bank of Des Moines, 253 F.3d 1106, 1110 (8th Cir.2001).

A. Exhaustion

"Title VII requires that before a plaintiff can bring suit in court to allege unlawful discrimination, [he] must file a timely charge with the EEOC or a state or local agency with authority to seek relief" on his behalf. Richter v. Advance Auto Parts, Inc., 686 F.3d 847, 850 (8th Cir.2012) ; see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–5(e)(1). The charge must be filed with the EEOC or other agency within 180 days "after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred," and give notice to the employer of the circumstances of "the alleged unlawful employment practice." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–5(e)(1). The district court noted that Hutton failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as to his Title VII retaliation claim, but proceeded to decide the claim on the merits because the City failed to "address the issue of exhaustion."

On appeal, the City asserts that Hutton's claim should be dismissed because he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. Hutton concedes that he failed to exhaust his claim, but asserts that the City has waived this defense. The City notes that it raised this defense in its answer to the complaint, and argues it was not required to raise it again in its motion for summary judgment. Because we can resolve this appeal on other grounds, we leave for another day whether a defense based on a failure to exhaust administrative remedies may effectively be waived. Like the district court, we conclude that the better approach in this case is to address the merits of Hutton's claim.

B. Retaliation Claim

To survive a motion for summary judgment on a retaliation claim, Hutton either must offer direct evidence of retaliation or create an inference of retaliation under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework. Lors v. Dean, 746 F.3d 857, 865 (8th Cir.2014) (citing Young–Losee v. Graphic Packaging Int'l, Inc., 631 F.3d 909, 912 (8th Cir.2011) ). Direct evidence of discrimination must show "a specific link between the alleged discriminatory animus and the challenged decision, sufficient to support a finding by a reasonable fact finder that an illegitimate criterion actually motivated the adverse employment action." Russell v. City of Kansas City, 414 F.3d 863, 866 (8th Cir.2005). Direct evidence encompasses comments or statements indicating discriminatory intent, where those comments are made by people with decision-making authority. See Moody v. Vozel, 771 F.3d 1093, 1096 (8th Cir.2014). "By ‘direct’ evidence, we mean ‘the causal strength of the proof, not whether it is "circumstantial" evidence.’ " Lors, 746 F.3d at 865 (quoting Griffith v. City of Des Moines, 387 F.3d 733, 736 (8th Cir.2004) ). Strong circumstantial evidence may also constitute direct evidence. Griffith, 387 F.3d at 736. If there is no direct evidence and an inference is required, the familiar three-step burden-shifting analysis from McDonnell Douglas applies. See Ellis v. Houston, 742 F.3d 307, 319 (8th Cir.2014) (retaliation claims "analyzed under the same McDonnell Douglas burden shifting framework as Title VII claims").

The district court determined that evidence of Maynard and his friends referring to African American people with derogatory language did not constitute direct evidence of a racially discriminatory animus because Hutton provided no context or time-frame in which the remarks were allegedly made. Moreover, Hutton did not demonstrate any specific link between the alleged remarks and his termination. On appeal, Hutton does not point to any additional direct evidence. Instead, he relies in large part on Beshears v. Asbill, in which a decision-maker commented that older employees had problems with adaptation and flexibility, and the...