Iberville Land Co. v. Amerada Petroleum Corporation
Decision Date | 17 March 1944 |
Docket Number | No. 10710.,10710. |
Citation | 141 F.2d 384 |
Parties | IBERVILLE LAND CO. v. AMERADA PETROLEUM CORPORATION. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit |
Alexis Brian, of New Orleans, La., for appellant.
L. K. Benson, of New Orleans, La., for appellee.
Before HUTCHESON, HOLMES, and LEE, Circuit Judges.
Iberville Land Company, an Iowa corporation, brought this action against the Amerada Petroleum Corporation, a Delaware corporation, alleging that defendant conducted without its knowledge and consent, in July and August, 1939, certain seismograph operations on lands owned by plaintiff, situated in the Parishes of Iberville and of St. Martin, in the State of Louisiana. Plaintiff prayed for judgment in the sum of $75,000, which was alleged to be the value to the defendant of the information it allegedly obtained.
Defendant moved to dismiss the complaint "as failing to state a claim upon which relief could be granted in that said complaint on its face disclosed that the matters complained of were barred by the liberative prescription of one year under Louisiana Civil Code, Articles 3536 and 3537."1 The Court below sustained the plea and dismissed the complaint. Plaintiff appealed.
The question presented is whether this is a suit in tort for trespass, a quasi offense, prescriptible in one year from knowledge under the Codal Articles pleaded, or, as contended by appellant, an action in quasi contract, prescriptible in ten years under Civil Code Article 3544.2
Appellee, in support of its contention that this is an action in tort, cites and relies on Article 2315 of the Louisiana Civil Code, which, in part, provides:
"Every act whatever of man that causes damages to another, obliges him by whose fault it happened to repair it; * * *"
Appellant, in support of its contention that this is an action in quasi contract, cites and relies on Article 2301 of the Louisiana Civil Code. It provides:
"He who receives what is not due to him, whether he receives it through error or knowingly, obliges himself to restore it to him from whom he has unduly received it."3
The Codal Article relied on by appellant calls for the restoration of the specific thing wrongfully acquired. If the thing thus acquired exists and can be restored, the plaintiff either may sue for damages for the wrongful act by which he has been deprived of the thing, or he may sue for the restoration of the thing. One is an action in tort, or for a quasi offense; the other is an action in quasi contract. Whether this suit is in tort or in quasi contract may only be answered by an analysis of the averments of the bill of complaint descriptive of the cause of action and the character of the relief prayed.4
The bill of complaint alleged that "in the months of July and August, 1939, without petitioner's knowledge or consent" defendant's agents "entered upon petitioner's said lands and caused to be exploded thereon and near thereto * * * heavy charges of dynamite at sundry shot points on said lands * * * and placed recording instruments in some instances on, and in other instances near, the said lands * * * the said operations consisting of what are commonly known as geophysical explorations by seismograph, * * *"; that "by these quasi-contractual entries upon petitioner's said lands, for which entry defendant tacitly and in good conscience covenanted to pay, it acquired information of great value to it as to the existence or absence of oil and gas and possibly sulphur under all of petitioner's lands, * * * as well as under adjoining lands, which information said defendant used for its private purposes in selecting (as it later did select) the most promising lands for the development of mineral leases in nearby oil fields * * * which information was of value to the defendant of at least $75,000.00"; that "defendant concealed its operations on petitioner's said lands and never disclosed to petitioner even the fact that said geophysical operations had been conducted at all, and particularly did not disclose to petitioner any results of the said geophysical operations, and did not offer at any time to pay petitioner for said privilege or for benefits derived therefrom, and that petitioner consequently had no knowledge of any geophysical operations on any part of said lands until the month of January, 1941"; that "petitioner * * * had given no consent to the geophysical explorations" and had "demanded * * * payment for the value of said explorations on all of said lands, which demand was refused." The prayer was for judgment against defendant in the sum of $75,000, with interest and costs.
It is well settled in Louisiana that where, as here, the acts and conduct which give rise to the cause of action are treated as wrongful and illegal and amount in law to an offense or quasi offense, and where, as here, the demand is for a money judgment for the value of property illegally taken, the suit is a tort action to recover damages for an offense or quasi offense and is barred by the prescription of one year pleaded and sustained in the Court below.
In Martin v. Texas Company, 150 La. 556, 90 So. 922, 923, the Court said:
The Court then drew the distinction between actions in tort and actions in quasi contract as follows:
In Liles v. Barnhart, 152 La. 419, 93 So. 490, 492, a mineral lease was granted by Barnhart to the Gulf Refining Company under which the Refining Company drilled wells and produced oil and gas. Liles and others asserted and were decreed to own a one-fifth interest in said properties, and thereupon sued Barnhart and the Refining Company for one-fifth of the value of all oil and gas taken from the land. Defendants pleaded the prescription of one year. The Louisiana Supreme Court said:
The Court analyzed the allegations of the petition and said:
* * * * * * *
"We, therefore, conclude that when one trespasses upon the land of another and wrongfully withdraws and takes oil and gas therefrom, when sued for the value of these minerals, the action is barred, as to the value of such as were taken over a year prior to the institution of the suit, by the prescription of one year."
In the Liles-Barnhart case, Justice St. Paul dissented, contending that even though the action involved only a money demand, it might nevertheless be an action in quasi contract to recover an unlawful gain where the trespass resulted in unjust enrichment, citing a number of earlier decisions.
In Liles v. Producers' Oil Company, 155 La. 385, 99 So. 339, 342, plaintiff sued for the wrongful removal of oil and gas from his lands. The Court after referring to the same cases relied on by Justice St. Paul in his dissent, and others which had been cited, containing a like ruling, said:
"Whatever may have been said in the cited cases, in refusing to apply the prescription of one year to the demand as presented in those cases, which would differentiate a suit for damages resulting from a trespass or a tort or a quasi offense from a demand for the value of property wrongfully taken and appropriated, is obviously in conflict with the later and more...
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