In re Amalgamated Development Co.

• Decision Date: 20 June 1977
• Docket Number: No. 10907.,10907.
• Citation: 375 A.2d 494
• Parties: In re AMALGAMATED DEVELOPMENT CO., INC., t/a Washington Patent Office Research Bureau and H. Lawrence Blasius, Petitioners.
• Court: D.C. Court of Appeals

375 A.2d 494

In re AMALGAMATED DEVELOPMENT CO., INC., t/a Washington Patent Office Research Bureau and H. Lawrence Blasius, Petitioners.

No. 10907.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Submitted March 15, 1977.

Decided June 20, 1977.

Harry Grossman, Washington, D. C., for petitioners.

Edgar T. Bellinger, Washington, D. C., Chairman, Committee on Unauthorized Practice of Law.

Before KELLY, GALLAGHER and MACK, Associate Judges.

KELLY, Associate Judge:

H. Lawrence Blasius and Amalgamated Development Co., Inc., here seek review of an order enjoining them from practicing law in the District of Columbia after a hearing in which the following facts were found.¹

Petitioner Blasius is the principal owner and operator of Amalgamated Development Co., Inc., trading as the Washington Patent Office Search Bureau, a District of Columbia corporation.² He is not, nor does he hold himself out to be, a member of the District of Columbia bar or licensed to practice before the United States Patent Office.

Petitioner places advertisements in such publication as Popular Science Magazine offering to conduct patentability searches for and to advise inventors on patent matters. When a response to an advertisement is received, petitioner initially writes the inventor describing the procedure for conducting a patentability search, and advising the inventor to have the application for such a search witnessed by a friend to prove that he is the "first and true inventor." The letter warns an inventor not to attempt to market his ideas until he has an application pending in the Patent Office.

When the inventor sends in a "disclosure" of his invention, petitioner conducts a patentability search in the Patent Office. Copies of the prior art revealed by the search are sent to the inventor and an opinion on patentability is offered.³ If petitioner concludes that the idea is not patentable, the client is so ab advised and it is recommended that no more money be spent developing the inventor's idea. If in the petitioner's opinion the idea appears patentable, it is recommended that a patent be applied for and assistance is offered the client in preparing the application. If the inventor agrees to enlist the services of petitioner, the application, oath, and formal drawings are prepared and sent to the inventor with instructions to file them in the Patent Office pro se together with the $65.00 filing fee. The Patent Office communicates directly with the inventor in all further correspondence.

If the application is rejected, as it usually is at least once, petitioner assists the client in amending the specification and claim to overcome Patent Office objections. When and if the application is finally rejected, petitioner recommends that the client file another amendment rather than an appeal and again offers to assist in preparing the amendment. Petitioner is paid for his services.

It is argued in this petition for review that jurisdiction over any question related to the practice of patent law is vested exclusively in the Commissioner of Patents and that, in any event, the enjoined activities do not constitute the practice of law.

I.

Any person may deal directly with the Patent Office in his own behalf in prosecuting an application for letters patent. 37 C.F.R. § 1.31 (1976).⁴ To represent another before the Commissioner of Patents, however, the requirements set out in the regulations established by the Commissioner pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 31 (Supp. V

1975), i. e., 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.341, -.342 (1976), must be met. Two categories of persons are licensed to practice before the Patent Office — patent attorneys (§ 1.341(a)) and patent agents (§ 1.341(b)). The only difference between the two is that patent agents are not also attorneys. Both must otherwise meet the same requirements, and once registered have the same scope of authority.⁵ The fact that one is an attorney does not of itself qualify one to practice patent law.

As we shall discuss, infra, much of the activity engaged in by a patent agent/attorney (and by petitioner) concerns the practice of law. Sperry v. State of Florida, 373 U.S. 379, 83 S.Ct. 1322, 10 L.Ed.2d 428 (1963); In re Cowgill, 37 Ohio App.2d 121, 307 N.E.2d 919 (1973). Thus, many nonlawyer/patent agents are actually practicing law in the state where they are situated. Such practice is unauthorized by state bar associations which have in the past attempted to curtail it, but the Supreme Court has resolved the conflict between the federal license to practice before the Patent Office and state regulations limiting the practice of law to attorneys in Sperry v. State of Florida, supra. The Court, in a unanimous opinion, based its decision on the Supremacy Clause, U.S. Const. art. 6, stating:

The statute [35 U.S.C. § 31 (1952)] thus expressly permits the Commissioner to authorize practice before the Patent Office by nonlawyers, and the Commissioner has explicitly granted such authority. If the authorization is unqualified, then, by virtue of the Supremacy Clause, Florida may not deny to those failing to meet its own qualifications the right to perform the functions within the scope of the federal authority. A State may not enforce licensing requirements which, though valid in the absence of federal regulation, give "the State's licensing board a virtual power of review over the federal determination" that a person or agency is qualified and entitled to perform certain functions, or which impose upon the performance of activity sanctioned by federal license additional conditions not contemplated by Congress. "No State law can hinder or obstruct the free use of a license granted under an act of Congress." . . . [Id. at 385, 83 S.Ct. at 1326 (footnotes omitted).]

Thus, the State of Florida could not prevent a nonattorney who was a licensed patent agent from conducting his practice before the Patent Office in Florida. The obvious corollary of this principle is that if the federal government has not granted a license in this area, a state is free to enforce its own licensing regulations.⁶

Our case is identical with In re Cowgill, supra, where the practitioner was neither registered to practice before the Patent Office nor a member of the bar. The Ohio Court of Appeals held that the state was free to proceed against him for the unauthorized practice of law,⁷ stating:

There is no federal purpose to protect those whom it [the federal government] does not license from further regulation by the state. The objective is to protect the right to practice before the U.S. Patent Office from restraint by the states. [Id., 37 Ohio App.2d at 124, 307 N.E.2d at 922.]

If petitioner Blasius were a registered patent agent/attorney, he would be correct, under Sperry, in saying that the District of Columbia Committee on Unauthorized Practice has no power to forbid his activities. But he is not so registered,⁸ as he freely concedes; therefore Sperry does not apply. And when a petitioner is not registered in the Patent Office a state does not interfere with any federal purpose in subjecting the practitioner to its own licensing regulations and is free to do so.

Petitioner argues, however, that because only the Commissioner has the power to authorize practice before the Patent Office only the Commissioner can determine what constitutes unauthorized practice and take action against it.

It is undisputed that the Commissioner has jurisdiction over persons, registered or not, who hold themselves out as qualified to prepare or prosecute patent applications. Proceedings to suspend, disbar, or exclude a registrant from practice are before the Commissioner. 37 C.F.R. § 1.348 (1976). The Commissioner can also criminally prosecute nonregistrants under 35 U.S.C. § 33 (Supp. V 1975), which provides:

Whoever, not being recognized to practice before the Patent and Trademark Office, holds himself out or permits himself to be held out as so recognized, or as being qualified to prepare or prosecute applications for patent, shall be fined not more than $1,000 for each offense.

Nevertheless, there is no authority for petitioner's argument that because the Commissioner can punish unauthorized practice before the Patent Office, a state is precluded from concurrently preventing the unauthorized practice of law. No case cited by petitioner is on point. In Battelle Memorial Institute v. Green, 93 Ohio Law Abs 516, 29 Ohio Op.2d 388 (1962), the practitioner was a registered patent agent, whereas petitioner is not. Silverman v. State Bar of Texas, 405 F.2d 410 (5th Cir. 1968), holds that a state bar regulation prohibiting a registered patent attorney from being listed both as a general attorney and a patent attorney unduly interfered with the Patent Office's interest in having its licensees make their specialty known and was thus invalid under Sperry. Both Enders v. American Patent Search Company,⁹ 535 F.2d 1085 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 488, 97 S.Ct. 242, 50 L.Ed.2d 170 (1976), and Arnesen v. Raymond Lee Organization, Inc., 333 F.Supp. 116 (C.D.Cal.1971), were prosecutions under 35 U.S.C. § 33 and there was no discussion in either opinion of simultaneous proceedings under state law.¹⁰

The subject was discussed in In re Cowgill, supra, 37 Ohio App.2d at 124, 307 N.E.2d at 922, however, where the court said:

Some claim is made that the federal government has preempted the regulation of those not admitted to practice before the Patent Office by the passage of Section 33, Title 35 U.S.Code, which makes it a criminal offense for a person not so registered to hold himself out, or permits himself to be held out as so recognized, or as being qualified to prepare or prosecute applications for patent. However, the action of a state in forbidding the acts here injoined neither prevents a federal prosecution under this section, nor impedes the federal government from acting against those who, besides engaging in the practice of law, violates this statute....