In re Avery Health Center, Inc.

• Decision Date: 28 January 1981
• Docket Number: CIV-81-51.,Bankruptcy No. 81-10130
• Citation: 8 BR 1016
• Parties: In re AVERY HEALTH CENTER, INC., Debtor.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Western District of New York

8 B.R. 1016 (1981)

In re AVERY HEALTH CENTER, INC., Debtor.

Bankruptcy No. 81-10130, CIV-81-51.

United States District Court, W.D. New York.

January 28, 1981.

D. Patrick Mullarkey, Jonathan B. Forman, Tax Division Attys., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.

Vincent R. DiPasquale, DiPasquale & Halsbeck, Buffalo, N.Y., for respondent/debtor.

MEMORANDUM

ELFVIN, District Judge.

My Order dated and filed January 21, 1981 set aside an order of the Bankruptcy Court which would have required the United States Internal Revenue Service ("the IRS") to turn over to the debtor property which the IRS had levied upon and seized. This Memorandum is entered in explanation of such Order.

The debtor, Avery Health Center, Inc., is engaged in the sale of drugs, sundries and pharmaceuticals at a store located at 2595 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, N.Y. The IRS had made an assessment of tax against the debtor for the tax periods from and including the first quarter of 1979 through the third quarter of 1980. Said assessment totals $31,645.96 and represents amounts due as employees' withheld taxes. The IRS gave notice and demanded payment of the assessment pursuant to section 6303 of the Internal Revenue Code¹ August 13, 1980, October 15, 1980 and December 19, 1980. The debtor having failed to pay the taxes, the United States Magistrate issued a warrant January 6, 1981 for the IRS to enter the debtor's store to levy upon and seize the debtor's inventory and equipment pursuant to section 6331 of the Internal Revenue Code.² The IRS effected said levy and seizure January 13, 1981.

Two days later, the debtor filed a reorganization petition under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq. The Bankruptcy Court issued an order January 16, 1981 for the IRS to show cause why it should not be enjoined from proceeding with its seizure of the debtor's property under the automatic stay provisions of the Bankruptcy Code.³ After a hearing January 19th the Bankruptcy Court concluded that the automatic stay provisions apply to the IRS's seizure of the debtor's inventory and entered its order January 20, 1981 requiring the agency to turn over the levied property to the debtor. The Bankruptcy Court also denied the IRS's request for a stay of said order pending appeal. The IRS immediately filed in this court a Notice of Appeal and a motion for a stay of the Bankruptcy Court's order. The motion was brought on for argument the same day and, at the conclusion of oral argument, I stayed the Bankruptcy Court's order pending my decision on the merits of this appeal. I entered an Order the following day, January 21, 1981, setting aside the Bankruptcy Court's turnover order and promised that an explanatory memorandum would be forthcoming.

This appeal presents the question whether property which has been levied upon and seized by the IRS pursuant to section 6331 before the commencement of a bankruptcy case must be turned over to the debtor after the taxpayer files a petition in bankruptcy. Under the Bankruptcy Act of 1898, the answer to this question would be clear. In Phelps v. United States, 421 U.S. 330, 95 S.Ct. 1728, 44 L.Ed.2d 201 (1975), the Supreme Court of the United States held that the government's pre-filing levy upon property in the hands of an assignee for the benefit of creditors gave the government constructive possession over said property. The Court therefore concluded that such property was beyond the jurisdiction of the Referee in Bankruptcy and could not be subject to the Referee's turnover order.

However, the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 grants the bankruptcy court jurisdiction over all civil proceedings in or related to cases under the new Bankruptcy Code. 28 U.S.C. § 1471. This extensive grant abolishes the possession of property as the basis for the bankruptcy court's jurisdiction.⁴ Thus, to the extent that Phelps turned on the limited jurisdiction of the bankruptcy courts under the Bankruptcy Act of 1898, it is no longer controlling. Some courts have therefore concluded that under the Bankruptcy Code the IRS may be ordered to turn over property which has been seized prior to the filing of the bankruptcy petition pursuant to a tax levy. Cross Electric Company, Inc. v. United States, 7 B.R. 26, 6 B.C.D. 1348 (Bkrtcy.Ct. W.D.Va.1980); Matter of Aurora Cord & Cable Co., 2 B.R. 342, 1 C.B.C.2d 486 (Bkrtcy.Ct.N.D.Ill.1980); Troy Industrial Catering Service v. State of Michigan, 2 B.R. 521, 1 C.B.C.2d 321 (Bkrtcy.Ct.E.D. Mich.1980). Other courts have continued to hold that levied property may not be the subject of a turnover order. In re Winfrey Structural Concrete Co., 5 B.R. 389, 2 C.B.C.2d 802 (Bkrtcy.Ct.D.Colo.1980); In re Bush Gardens, Inc., 1 C.B.C.2d 134 (Bkrtcy. Ct.D.N.J.1979). My analysis leads me to conclude that the latter cases have reached the correct result.

The essential turnover provision of the Bankruptcy Code is section 542(a), which requires an entity in possession of "property that the trustee may use, sell, or lease under section 363" of the Code to deliver such property to the trustee. 11 U.S.C. § 542(a). Section 363 authorizes the trustee to use, sell, or lease "property of the estate." "Property of the estate" is generally defined by section 541(a)(1) as "all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case." Therefore, in order to determine whether property which has been seized pursuant to a tax levy is property of the estate which must be turned over to the trustee, the nature and extent of the debtor's interests in such property must be defined.

Section 6331 of the Internal Revenue Code authorizes the IRS to collect unpaid tax assessments by levy upon the taxpayer's property. A levy includes the power to distrain and seize said property.⁵ After levy upon and seizure of the property, the government is empowered to sell the property, subject to the following restrictions: (1) the proceeds of the sale must be applied toward payment of the underlying tax liability;⁶ (2) any surplus remaining after payment of the tax liability and expenses of sale must be returned to the taxpayer or other lien creditor(s);⁷ and (3) the taxpayer may redeem the levied property at any time prior to sale by tendering payment of the outstanding liability.⁸ The IRS must follow certain procedures in making the sale; these procedures include the giving of notice of the sale to the taxpayer.⁹

These restrictions precisely define the taxpayer's interests in property which has been levied upon and seized by the IRS. Such interests are limited to the right to have the proceeds of the sale applied to the liability, the right to receive the surplus (if any) from the sale, and the right to redeem the property; they do not include the right to use, sell or lease the levied property. Upon the commencement of a bankruptcy case by the filing of a petition, the trustee succeeds only to the debtor's property interests at the time the petition is filed. 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1).¹⁰ Inasmuch as the debtor has no right to use, sell or lease the levied property, the trustee similarly has no such right. Therefore, the IRS may not be ordered to turn over the levied property under section 542 of the Bankruptcy Code.

It is true, of course, that a tax levy does not destroy all interests of the taxpayer in the levied property.¹¹ A tax levy does, however, severely diminish the taxpayer's property rights and transfers such rights to the United States. Recognition of this principle led the United States Supreme Court, in Phelps v. United States, supra 421 U.S. at 337, 95 S.Ct. at 1732, to declare that a tax levy gives the government "full legal right" to the levied property as against the receiver in bankruptcy. Courts which have held that property subjected to a tax levy must be turned over to the trustee have not fully considered the effect of a tax levy on the taxpayer's property rights.¹² A levy and seizure of property by the IRS transfers from the taxpayer to the government the precise property right involved in a turnover proceeding—namely, the right to sell the levied property and to exclude others, such as the debtor, from using, selling or leasing the same. The Bankruptcy Code requires the turnover of property which the trustee may use, sell or lease; it does not require the turnover of property in which the debtor merely has some other interest.

The debtor has argued that the automatic stay provisions of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 362, apply to the IRS and that the Bankruptcy Court's turnover order was therefore proper. The stay provisions apply only prospectively. They do not undo the IRS's seizure of the debtor's property prior to the commencement of the case. The levy and seizure having been accomplished before the bankruptcy petition was filed, the automatic stay provisions of the Bankruptcy Code do not revoke the rights obtained by the IRS with respect to the debtor's property through such levy and seizure.

Certain further considerations are not before me but probably must be dealt with in and by the Bankruptcy Court. The automatic stay provisions may prevent the IRS from unilaterally exercising its right to sell the levied property. Such may fall within the purview of 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(6) as an "act to collect * * * a claim that arose before the commencement of the case." Therefore, before it may sell the levied property, the IRS may have to seek relief in the Bankruptcy Court from the automatic stay provisions. Any power in that court to condition relief from the stay may enable it to protect the debtor's remaining interests, and those...