In re Baycol Cases I And Ii., No. S178320.

• Court: United States State Supreme Court (California)
• Writing for the Court: WERDEGAR, J.
• Citation: 11 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 2636,248 P.3d 681,122 Cal.Rptr.3d 153,2011 Daily Journal D.A.R. 3129,51 Cal.4th 751
• Parties: In re BAYCOL CASES I and II.
• Decision Date: 28 February 2011
• Docket Number: No. S178320.

51 Cal.4th 751
248 P.3d 681
122 Cal.Rptr.3d 153
11 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 2636
2011 Daily Journal D.A.R. 3129

In re BAYCOL CASES I and II.

No. S178320.

Supreme Court of California

Feb. 28, 2011.

[122 Cal.Rptr.3d 154] Shaun P. Martin, San Diego; Green Welling, Robert S. Green, Jenelle Welling, Charles D. Marshall and Brian S. Umpierre, San Francisco, for Plaintiff and Appellant.Sidley Austin, Catherine Valerio Barrad, Steven A. Ellis and Brendan P. Sheehey, Los Angeles, for Defendant and Respondent.WERDEGAR, J.

[248 P.3d 682]

[1] [51 Cal.4th 754] The right to appeal in California is generally governed by the “one final judgment” rule, under which most interlocutory orders are not appealable. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1.) ¹ In Daar v. Yellow Cab Co. (1967) 67 Cal.2d 695, 63 Cal.Rptr. 724, 433 P.2d 732 ( Daar ), however, concerned that orders dismissing all class action claims might in some instances escape review, we adopted a “death knell” doctrine that allowed a party to appeal such orders immediately. Here, we address uncertainty over the scope of the death knell doctrine: does it extend to orders that simultaneously terminate individual claims as well, or does it apply only where, as was the case in Daar itself, individual claims survive?

We conclude the preservation of individual claims is an essential prerequisite to application of the death knell doctrine: the doctrine renders appealable only those orders that effectively terminate class claims but permit individual claims to continue. When instead an order terminates both class and individual claims, there is no need to apply any special exception to the usual one final judgment rule to ensure appellate review of class claims. Instead, routine application of that rule suffices to ensure review while also avoiding a multiplicity[122 Cal.Rptr.3d 155] of appeals. Because the Court of Appeal misapplied these principles in dismissing an appeal from the sustaining of a demurrer to class claims here, we reverse.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In 1997, defendant Bayer Corporation (Bayer) gained United States Food and Drug Administration approval for, and shortly thereafter began marketing, the drug Baycol. ([51 Cal.4th 755] In re Baycol Products Litigation (D.Minn.2003) 218 F.R.D. 197, 201.) Baycol, generically known as cerivastatin sodium, is part of a class of cholesterol lowering drugs commonly referred to as statins. ( Ibid.) In 2001, Bayer withdrew Baycol from the market after concerns arose about links between the use of Baycol and several acute, and sometimes fatal, muscle tissue diseases. ( Ibid.)

Following Bayer's withdrawal of Baycol from the market, thousands of plaintiffs filed suit against Bayer. ( In re Baycol Products Litigation, supra, 218 F.R.D. at p. 201.) Plaintiff Douglas Shaw filed this case as a class action, alleging claims for violation of the unfair competition law (UCL) (Bus. & Prof.Code, § 17200 et seq.) and for unjust enrichment. The complaint alleged Bayer had engaged in false and misleading advertising regarding Baycol.

In 2007, after consolidation with other actions in a Judicial Council Coordinated

[248 P.3d 683]

Proceeding, Shaw filed a first amended complaint, adding to the UCL and unjust enrichment claims a claim under the Consumers Legal Remedies Act (Civ.Code, § 1750 et seq.). The amended complaint sought to certify a class of “[a]ll persons or entities who purchased or paid for the drug Baycol between February 18, 1998 and August 8, 2001 ..., to be used by California Consumers, and not for resale.”

Bayer demurred to both the class allegations and each substantive claim. On April 27, 2007, the trial court sustained the demurrer in its entirety without leave to amend. It thereafter denied Shaw's motion for reconsideration on both class and individual claims and entered a judgment of dismissal. Bayer served a notice of entry of judgment on October 29, 2007, and Shaw filed his notice of appeal on December 20, 2007.

The Court of Appeal reversed dismissal of Shaw's individual UCL claim, concluding he should have been granted leave to amend. However, it declined to consider on the merits the appeal of the class claims dismissal and instead dismissed that portion of the appeal. Relying on cases that have held death knell orders terminating class claims are immediately appealable, the Court of Appeal reasoned that, upon entry of the April 27, 2007, order sustaining Bayer's demurrer, the class claims dismissal, unlike the individual claims dismissal, was appealable. Consequently, the December 20, 2007, notice of appeal was, as to the class claims, untimely. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rules 8.104, 8.108(e).)

We granted review to resolve uncertainty over the timing of appeals in cases involving class claims.

[51 Cal.4th 756] DISCUSSION

Under the one final judgment rule, “ ‘an appeal may be taken only from the final judgment in an entire action.’ ” ( Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (1980) 27 Cal.3d 916, 921, 167 Cal.Rptr. 831, 616 P.2d 813, quoting Tenhet v. Boswell (1976) 18 Cal.3d 150, 153, 133 Cal.Rptr. 10, 554 P.2d 330.) “ ‘The theory [behind the rule] is that piecemeal disposition and multiple appeals in a single action would be oppressive and costly, and that a review of intermediate rulings should await the final disposition of the case.’ ” [122 Cal.Rptr.3d 156] ( Griset v. Fair Political Practices Com. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 688, 697, 107 Cal.Rptr.2d 149, 23 P.3d 43; see also Flanagan v. United States (1984) 465 U.S. 259, 264, 104 S.Ct. 1051, 79 L.Ed.2d 288 [the one final judgment rule “reduces the ability of litigants to harass opponents and to clog the courts through a succession of costly and time-consuming appeals”]; Morehart v. County of Santa Barbara (1994) 7 Cal.4th 725, 741, fn. 9, 29 Cal.Rptr.2d 804, 872 P.2d 143 [the rule ensures a complete record for the reviewing court, allows it to better craft its directions to the trial court, and reduces trial court uncertainty and delay].)

The one final judgment rule is “a fundamental principle of appellate practice” ( Walker v. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (2005) 35 Cal.4th 15, 21, 23 Cal.Rptr.3d 490, 104 P.3d 844), recognized and enforced in this state since the 19th century (see, e.g., Ashley v. Olmstead (1880) 54 Cal. 616, 618; Agard v. Valencia (1870) 39 Cal. 292, 297; Hibberd v. Smith (1870) 39 Cal. 145, 146).² The Legislature first codified the rule in the Practice Act of 1850 (Stats. 1850, ch. 142, § 258, p. 451; see Howe v. Key System Transit Co. (1926) 198 Cal. 525, 531, 246 P. 39), later incorporated it as part of the original Code of Civil Procedure (see former § 963, enacted 1872), and has retained it in the Code of Civil Procedure to this day (see § 904.1; Kinoshita v. Horio (1986) 186 Cal.App.3d 959, 962–963, 231 Cal.Rptr. 241 [ § 904.1 codifies the common law one final judgment rule] ).³

[248 P.3d 684]

[2] [51 Cal.4th 757] Given the one final judgment rule's deep common law and statutory roots and the substantial policy considerations underlying it, we are reluctant to depart from its principles and endorse broad exceptions that might entail multiple appeals absent compelling justification. “[E]very exception to the final judgment rule not only forges another weapon for the obstructive litigant but also requires a genuinely aggrieved party to choose between immediate appeal and the permanent loss of possibly meritorious objections.” ( Kinoshita v. Horio, supra, 186 Cal.App.3d at p. 967, 231 Cal.Rptr. 241.) Accordingly, “exceptions to the one final judgment rule should not be allowed unless clearly mandated.” ( Ibid.)

We found compelling justifications for one such exception in Daar, supra, 67 Cal.2d 695, 63 Cal.Rptr. 724, 433 P.2d 732, embracing what is known in this and other jurisdictions as the “death knell” doctrine.⁴ In Daar, the plaintiff filed a putative class action. The trial court sustained a demurrer, concluding the plaintiff could neither maintain a class action nor satisfy the jurisdictional minimum amount in controversy for superior court actions, and transferred the action to the municipal court. On appeal, we considered as a threshold issue whether such an order, determining [122 Cal.Rptr.3d 157] the plaintiff could not maintain his claims as a class action but could seek individual relief, was appealable, and we concluded it was. What mattered was not the form of the order or judgment but its impact. ( Id. at pp. 698–699, 63 Cal.Rptr. 724, 433 P.2d 732.) Because the order effectively rang the death knell for the class claims, we treated it as in essence a final judgment on those claims, which was appealable immediately. ( Id. at p. 699, 63 Cal.Rptr. 724, 433 P.2d 732; see also Linder v. Thrifty Oil Co. (2000) 23 Cal.4th 429, 435, 97 Cal.Rptr.2d 179, 2 P.3d 27 [citing Daar with approval]; Richmond v. Dart Industries, Inc. (1981) 29 Cal.3d 462, 470, 174 Cal.Rptr. 515, 629 P.2d 23 [same].)

Two procedural circumstances were critical to our decision in Daar, supra, 67 Cal.2d 695, 63 Cal.Rptr. 724, 433 P.2d 732: first, that the appealed-from order was the practical equivalent of a final judgment for some parties, and second, that in the absence of our treating the order as a de facto final judgment, any appeal likely would be foreclosed. On the first point, the order “virtually demolished the action as a class action” ( id. at p. 699, 63 Cal.Rptr. 724, 433 P.2d 732) and was in “ ‘legal effect’ ... tantamount to a dismissal of the action as to all members of the class other than plaintiff” ( ibid.). In cases decided since Daar, we and the Courts of Appeal have emphasized that orders that only limit the scope of a class or the number of claims available to it are not similarly tantamount to dismissal and do not qualify for immediate appeal under the death knell [51 Cal.4th 758] doctrine; only an order that entirely terminates class claims is appealable. (See Green v. Obledo (1981) 29 Cal.3d 126, 149, fn. 18, 172...