In re Charles E. Ball

• Decision Date: 23 March 1920
• Docket Number: 22,891
• Citation: 188 P. 424,106 Kan. 536
• Parties: In re CHARLES E. BALL, Petitioner
• Court: Kansas Supreme Court

188 P. 424

106 Kan. 536

In re CHARLES E. BALL, Petitioner

No. 22,891

Supreme Court of Kansas

March 23, 1920

Decided January, 1920.

Original proceeding in habeas corpus.

SYLLABUS

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT.

CRIMINAL LAW--Bail--Capital Offense--Persons Charged with Murder in First Degree axe Bailable. Murder in the first degree not being punishable capitally, persons charged with that offense are bailable, under the self-executing provision of the bill of rights, that all persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses where proof is evident or the presumption great, notwithstanding the statute of 1911, which provides that persons charged with the crime of murder in the first degree shall not be admitted to bail when the proof is evident or the presumption great.

D. M Dale, S. B. Amidon, S. A. Buckland, H. W. Hart, all of Wichita, and Sam P. Ridings, of Medford, Okla., for the petitioner.

A. M. Jackson, of Winfield, for the respondent.

OPINION

BURCH, J.:

The petitioner was arrested on a warrant charging murder in the first degree, and at the conclusion of a preliminary examination was bound over to the district court, without bail. The writ of habeas corpus was prayed for to obtain admission to bail, which this court granted.

The territorial crimes act of 1859 contained the following provisions:

"SECTION 1. Every murder which shall be committed by means of poison or by lying in wait, or by any other kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing, or which shall be committed in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate any arson, rape, robbery, burglary or other felony, shall be deemed murder in the first degree.

"SEC. 2. Every murder which shall be committed purposely and maliciously, but without deliberation and premeditation, shall be deemed murder in the second degree.

"SEC 3. Persons convicted of murder in the first degree shall suffer death. Those convicted of murder in the second degree shall be punished by confinement and hard labor for not less than ten years." (Compiled Laws 1862, ch. 33, §§ 1, 2, 3.)

The territorial code of criminal procedure contained the following provision:

"Persons charged with an offense punishable with death, shall not be admitted to bail, when the proof is evident or the presumption great; but, for all other offenses, bail may be taken in such sum as, in the opinion of the magistrate, will secure the appearance of the person charged with the offense, at the court where such person is to be tried." (Compiled Laws 1862, ch. 32, § 45.)

These statutes were continued in force in the revision of 1868 (Gen. Stat. 1868, ch. 31, §§ 6, 7, 8; ch. 82, § 53), and until modified as hereinafter stated.

The constitution adopted in 1859, under which the state was admitted to the Union in 1861, contains the following provision:

"All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties except for capital offenses where proof is evident or the presumption great." (Bill of Rights, § 9, Gen. Stat. 1915, § 113.)

The legislature of 1907 amended the crimes act by enactment of the following statute:

"Persons convicted of murder in the first degree shall be punished by confinement and hard labor in the penitentiary of the state of Kansas for life. Those convicted of murder in the second degree shall be punished by confinement and hard labor for not less than ten years." (Gen. Stat. 1915, § 3369.)

Following enactment of this statute, persons charged with murder in the first degree were generally admitted to bail. In a few instances bail was refused, and on application to this court bail was allowed as a matter of right, under the provision of the constitution. In 1911, the legislature amended the criminal code by enactment of the following statute:

"Persons charged with the crime of murder in the first degree shall not be admitted to bail when the proof is evident or the presumption great; but for all other offenses bail may be taken in such sum as in the opinion of the magistrate will secure the appearance of the person charged with the offense at the court where such person is to be tried." (Gen. Stat. 1915, § 7962.)

Following enactment of this statute, courts and committing magistrates generally admitted to bail in accordance with the bill of rights, precisely as if the statute had not been passed. In a few instances in which bail was denied, this court granted bail. In order to render inexcusable denial of bail in any murder case, so long as murder is not a capital offense and the constitution remains unchanged, this opinion is published.

The press of more important business prevents the court from assuring itself with certainty of the date of the initial appearance of the provision of the bill of rights in Anglo-American legal history. It is sufficient for present purposes to know that it formed section XI of the "Laws Agreed Upon in England," etc., which accompanied Penn's frame of government for the province of Pennsylvania, to which the illustrious Quaker set his "hand and broad seal, this five and twentieth day of the second month, vulgarly called April, in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred and eighty-two." (5 Thorpe Am. Ch. and Const., p. 3059.) While the habeas corpus act of three years before, and the bill of rights act of seven years later, dealt with bail, neither one employed the same or equivalent phraseology.

The provision in question appeared in the constitution under which Kentucky was admitted to the Union in 1792, and appeared in form or substance in a majority of the constitutions framed before Kansas became a state. The Kansas bill of rights followed the Ohio model, and the provision was contained in the Ohio constitutions of 1802 and 1851. In all these constitutions the word "capital" had a definite, settled meaning, which was the meaning accorded the word in general usage whenever employed as an adjective qualifying the terms crime, offense, or felony--punishable by deprivation of life. Doctor Johnson's definition is a sentence from Bacon, "That which affects life." The Oxford English dictionary gives many illustrations, extending from 1483 to modern times. Illustrating the present meaning of the word, Webster's New International dictionary and the Century dictionary give quotations from Spenser, Milton, Swift, and Macaulay. Histories of English and American legal institutions and legal textbooks know no other meaning than that indicated, and the same is true of the courts:

"The language of the constitution is: 'All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient securities, except for capital offenses where the proof is evident or the presumption great.' . . . Under the constitution, and the law as it stood before the adoption of the Penal Code, although the offense might be reduced, on the trial, below the grade of the one charged, still, when the charge was made, and the proof evident or the presumption great, the magistrates were not permitted to take bail. The question, in contemplation of law, to be tried by the magistrates, on an application for bail, was not whether the accused must necessarily be punished with death--because this they could not know until after the trial--but whether he might be so punished, and probably would be under the proof. . . . The Penal Code is then adopted, giving to the juries the power of saying, in cases of murder in the first degree, whether the accused shall suffer death, or go to the penitentiary for life. This is but a simple extension of the power of the jury one degree beyond what it was before. Capital punishment still remains, and, in cases where the jury so decide, with precisely the same certainty that it existed before the adoption of the Penal Code." (Ex parte McCrary, 22 Ala. 65, 71.)

"If the statute imposes death as a punishment, and provides for no other punishment, of course the offense is a capital felony. The question now is, when the statute provides that the punishment shall be death or imprisonment, as the jury shall recommend, and the jury recommends imprisonment, whether the verdict of guilty of the offense is a conviction of a capital offense. In our view the expression 'capital felony,' when used in our law, is merely descriptive of those felonies to which the death penalty is affixed as a punishment under given circumstances to distinguish such felonies from that class in which under no circumstances would death ever be inflicted as a penalty for the violation of the same." (Caesar v. State, 127 Ga. 710, 712, 57 S.E. 66.)

"Section 3910 of the General Statutes provides: 'Twelve men shall constitute a jury to try all capital cases, and six men shall constitute a jury to try all other criminal cases.' A capital case is a case in which a person is tried for a capital crime. A capital crime is one for which the punishment of death is inflicted. The crime of murder in the second degree is punished by imprisonment in the state prison for life, and is not a capital crime." (Adams v. State, 56 Fla. 1, 13, 48 So. 219.)

"A capital crime is one punishable with the death of the offender." (Commonwealth v. Ibrahim, 184 Mass. 255, 258, 68 N.E. 231.)

"By the constitution it is provided: 'That all persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses, when the proof is evident, or the presumption great.' Sec. 24, Bill of Rights.

. . . .

"A 'capital offense' is one which is punishable--that is to say, liable to...