In re DePasquale, BAP No. MW 97-071.
Decision Date | 15 October 1998 |
Docket Number | BAP No. MW 97-071. |
Citation | 225 BR 830 |
Parties | In re Ann DePASQUALE, Debtor. Ann DePASQUALE, Plaintiff/Appellee, v. BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY, Defendant/Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, First Circuit |
Richard S. Daniels, Jr. and Grace M. Calamita of Daniels Law Offices, P.C., Boston, MA, for the appellant.
Robert F. Casey, Jr., Boston, MA, for the appellee.
Before GOODMAN, HAINES, and CARLO, United States Bankruptcy Judges.
Boston University School of Dentistry ("BU") appeals from the bankruptcy court's entry of summary judgment determining that Ann DePasquale's obligations to it are dischargeable in her Chapter 7 case. In its published opinion, the court below determined that DePasquale's obligation to BU was not an educational loan within the meaning of Bankruptcy Code § 523(a)(8) and, therefore, not insulated from discharge by its provisions. See DePasquale v. Boston Univ. School of Dentistry (In re DePasquale), 211 B.R. 439 (Bankr.D.Mass.1997).
The bankruptcy court's entry of judgment for DePasquale is a final judgment, providing us with jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(a) and (b).
The issue on appeal is whether the bankruptcy court's entry of summary judgment was error. Thus, BU's appeal raises legal issues only; our review is de novo. City of Hope Nat'l Medical Center v. Healthplus, Inc., 156 F.3d 223, 225-26 (1st Cir.1998); Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Kane, 148 F.3d 36, 38 (1st Cir.1998).
A review of the summary judgment record discloses that, insofar as relevant to the lower court's ruling, there existed no dispute of material fact.
In February 1985, while enrolled as a BU student, DePasquale suffered a personal injury and could not attend classes full-time. When BU did not certify to her loan providers that she was a full-time student, they declared DePasquale's default on approximately $155,000.00 in student loans and refused to advance her the additional funds she needed to complete her education.
In the fall of 1988, after more than two years of negotiations, BU permitted DePasquale to attend classes without prepaying her tuition. Although BU billed DePasquale for tuition, it was agreed that she would pay the tuition later. They did not set a payment schedule.
DePasquale completed her degree requirements and graduated in the spring of 1992. As a condition to receiving her degree, the university insisted that DePasquale sign a "Payment Agreement," promising to pay BU $22,607.05. That agreement, dated April 26, 1992, provided for initial monthly payments of $50.00, to be increased after September of 1992. The record contains no evidence regarding DePasquale's payment history or the agreement's interest rate.1
DePasquale filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code on February 12, 1997. She filed an adversary complaint against BU on February 26, 1997, seeking a determination that her debt to it was dischargeable. BU counterclaimed, asking the court to determine that the obligation was excepted from discharge under § 523(a)(8). On cross-motions for summary judgment, the bankruptcy court ruled in DePasquale's favor. This appeal ensued.
The bankruptcy court agreed with DePasquale that the arrangement by which she attended BU, promising to pay tuition at a later date, did not constitute a "loan," and, so, as a matter of law, was without § 523(a)(8)'s anti-discharge protections.2 Invoking a dictionary definition and case law, the court determined that a In re DePasquale, 211 B.R. at 441 (citing Black's Law Dictionary 844 (5th ed.1979)); see also U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs. v. Smith, 807 F.2d 122, 124 (8th Cir.1986) ( ). In the bankruptcy court's view, the deal struck between DePasquale and BU was a "credit extension," as opposed to a "loan." Because the statute requires that the loan be made under a program "funded" in whole or in part by the institution, the court reasoned that to come within § 523(a)(8), money must actually be paid over to the debtor: "This means cash." In re DePasquale, 211 B.R. at 442.
The court opined that to extend § 523(a)(8)'s protections so far as to include the relationship between DePasquale and BU would stretch the statute beyond its literal, unambiguous terms, a step inconsistent with the long-recognized policy "which favors a narrow construction of an exception to discharge." Id. (citing cases).3
We disagree with the bankruptcy court's conclusion for several reasons. To begin, its spare construction of the term "loan," requiring that it requires an exchange of funds, ignores a substantial portion of the very definition it invoked. Under that definition, a "loan" may be "anything furnished for temporary use to a person at his request, on condition that it shall be returned, or its equivalent in kind, with our without compensation for its use." Id. at 441 ( ). It does not require an actual exchange of money. Moreover, a later edition of Black's Law Dictionary defines "loan" to include "the creation of debt by a credit to an account with the lender upon which the debtor is entitled to draw immediately." Black's Law Dictionary 936 (6th ed.1990). And another dictionary defines "loan" to include an "advance, credit, accommodation or allowance." See West's Legal Thesaurus/Dictionary 464 (1986). See also Roosevelt Univ. v. Oldham, (In re Oldham), 220 B.R. 607, 612 (Bankr. N.D.Ill.1998) () ; University of New Hampshire v. Hill (In re Hill), 44 B.R. 645, 647 (Bankr.D.Mass.1984) ().
We agree with the majority of courts that have considered the question. A formulaic approach to the definition of "loan" for purposes of § 523(a)(8) should not hold sway against an approach that focuses on the substance of the transaction that created the obligation in question. In a case with facts very similar to our own, the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Eighth Circuit concluded that, by extending credit to a student for tuition and books, a college had extended a "loan" within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8), even though no money changed hands. See Johnson v. Missouri Baptist College (In re Johnson), 218 B.R. 449, 455 (8th Cir. BAP 1998), aff'g, 215 B.R. 750 (Bankr.E.D.Mo.1997); see also Andrews Univ. v. Merchant (In re Merchant), 958 F.2d 738, 741 (6th Cir.1992) ( ) the student was aware of the credit extension and acknowledges the money owed; 2) the amount owed was liquidated; and 3) the extended credit was defined as a `sum of money due to a person.'"); Smith, 807 F.2d 122 ( ); Missouri Baptist College v. Johnson (In re Johnson), 215 B.R. 750, 752 (Bankr.E.D.Mo.1997) ) ; Najafi v. Cabrini College (In re Najafi), 154 B.R. 185 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 1993) ( ); United States Dep't of Health and Human Servs. v. Avila (In re Avila), 53 B.R. 933 (Bankr.W.D.N.Y.1985) (loan may exist regardless of the form of the transaction); In re Hill, 44 B.R. 645 ( ).4
If DePasquale had borrowed money from BU to pay her tuition there would be no question that the University had made an educational loan to DePasquale. Likewise, if BU had merely made one or two bookkeeping entries (e.g., posting a paper balance, on credit, to debtor's account and debiting debtor's account to pay tuition) the transaction would likely qualify as a "loan," even if "cash" did not change hands. The arrangement before us, although distinguishable in detail, differs little, if at all, in substance.
We conclude that the proper focus under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8) must be on the substance of the transaction. If a qualified institution or agency provides funds, credit, or financial accommodations to a debtor for educational purposes under a contemporaneous, mutual understanding of future repayment, the arrangement may be a loan within the statute's meaning, whether or not funds, as such, were advanced.5
We need go no further. The bankruptcy court did not examine the facts beyond the extent...
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...(3) the extended credit was defined as a `sum of money due to a person'" (In re Merchant, 958 F2d 738, 741 [6th Cir 1992]; see In re DePasquale, 225 BR 830, 832 [1st Cir Bankruptcy App Panel In the instant case, plaintiff established that it is a not-for-profit corporation and that it exten......