In re Haworth, Bankruptcy No. 99-10085
| Decision Date | 03 May 2000 |
| Docket Number | Adversary No. 99-1006.,Bankruptcy No. 99-10085 |
| Citation | 253 BR 478 |
| Parties | In re Marjorie Louise HAWORTH, Debtor. Lori Lea Lewis, Plaintiff, v. Marjorie Louise Haworth, Defendant. Randy L. Royal, Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Marjorie Louise Haworth, Plaintiff, v. Monad Trust, by and through its Co-Trustees/Exchangors, Marjorie Louise Haworth, Trustee, and Albert Raymond Copp, Jr., Trustee; Marjorie Louise Haworth, formerly known as Marjorie Louise Copp, individually, Defendants. |
| Court | U.S. Bankruptcy Court — District of Wyoming |
Patrick G. Davidson, Daly Law Associates PC, Gillette, WY, for plaintiffs.
Karjorie Louise Haworth, Sheridan, WY, Pro se.
Anthony T. Wendtland, Sheridan, WY, for Randy L. Royal.
Albert Raymond Copp, Jr., Sheridan, WY, Pro se.
DECISION ON TRUSTEE'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
On April 20, 2000, this case came before the court for hearing on the intervening plaintiff/trustee, Randy L. Royal's motion for summary judgment. The trustee's complaint and this motion are brought against the Monad Trust through its trustees, Marjorie Louise Haworth and Albert Raymond Copp, Jr., and against Ms. Haworth individually. The trustee appeared through counsel. The defendants appeared without counsel to oppose the motion.
On several occasions, the court has advised the defendants to obtain counsel. They elected to appear without counsel, and as a consequence, the case is awash with irrelevant statements and issues. The defendants' affidavits are merely statements of argument, and the arguments presented are not cogent.
The trustee's complaint states two claims for relief: for turnover of property which is allegedly property of the estate under 11 U.S.C. § 541(a); and for the recovery of an alleged fraudulent conveyance. The motion for summary judgment is brought only as to the first claim for relief.
The court has jurisdiction over this adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157 and 1334. The trustee's complaint is a core proceeding within the definition of 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(E) and (H). This motion is brought under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, made applicable in adversary proceedings by Fed. R. Bankr.P. 7056.
Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no disputed issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In re Baum, 22 F.3d 1014, 1016 (10th Cir.1994). Under Rule 56(c), summary judgment is proper only if the evidence, reviewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion, demonstrates no genuine issue of any material fact. Frandsen v. Westinghouse Corp., 46 F.3d 975, 976 (10th Cir. 1995).
A material fact is one that could affect the outcome of the suit, and a genuine issue is one where the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Farthing v. City of Shawnee, Kan., 39 F.3d 1131, 1134 (10th Cir.1994). The court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, but that party cannot rest on the mere allegations in its pleadings and must come forward with evidence to raise a genuine issue. Id.
The defendants opposed the motion for summary judgment with argument, but provided no evidence to establish facts or to demonstrate a genuine issue of fact. The court relies on the facts in the record and those put forward by the trustee. The trustee failed to provide the court with a copy of the document which defendants argue created the Monad Trust, but the court obtained a copy from other pleadings in the record.
On March 17, 1999, Marjorie Haworth filed a voluntary chapter 7 petition for relief. Randy L. Royal is the chapter 7 trustee appointed in Ms. Haworth's case. Mr. Copp is Ms. Haworth's former spouse. Pursuant to the Decree of Divorce entered January 27, 1992 which dissolved the Haworth/Copp marriage, Ms. Haworth became the owner of certain real property located at 146 Metz Road, Sheridan, Wyoming.
On December 19, 1994, Haworth, Copp and one Dale Main executed an Affidavit of Contract and Declaration of Trust. The document described Haworth and Copp as "Exchangor" and initial trustee and cotrustee, respectively. The document stated that the exchangors established "a Declaration of Trust and Contract known as Monad Trust." Dale Main is described as the "creator."
The Declaration of Trust does not state the purpose of the "contract" or who, if anyone, is the beneficiary of the so-called trust. Haworth admits the purported trust has no beneficiaries. The document sets forth various "trustee powers."
Also on December 19, 1994, Haworth signed a quitclaim deed, conveying her interest in the real property to the Monad Trust. Copp signed the deed as a witness. The deed does not describe the trust, identify a trustee or beneficiary, or refer to any recorded trust document. The deed was recorded in the Sheridan County, Wyoming real estate records the same day it was executed. No other documents were recorded with the deed.
The trustee contends the quit claim deed conveying title of the real property to the Monad Trust is invalid because the Monad Trust is not a legal entity capable of holding property. Therefore, he contends the transfer of the real property to the Monad Trust was ineffective, the real property was owned by Ms. Haworth on the date of her petition, and is property of her bankruptcy estate under § 541(a).
The defendants contend the Monad Trust is a "pure trust contractual company agreement," which does not require a beneficiary to be enforceable, and that a contract need not comply with any statutory requirements. On the other hand, they also argue that the Monad Trust is a "business trust" created under common law. But, they dispute that the Wyoming statutes applicable to business trusts are applicable to the Monad Trust because, among other reasons, the statutes were enacted after the Monad Trust document was executed.
A debtor's bankruptcy estate consists of "all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case." 11 U.S.C. § 541(a). The question of what is property of the estate is a question of federal law. The existence and extent of the debtor's interest is determined by state law. In re Taylor, 133 F.3d 1336, 1341 (10th Cir. 1998); cert. denied by Rupp v. Taylor, 525 U.S. 873, 119 S.Ct. 172, 142 L.Ed.2d 140 (1998).
Transfers of real property must go somewhere, and only a legal entity or person can hold title to land. United States v. Stubbs, 776 F.2d 1472, 1474 (10th Cir.1985). If property is conveyed in a deed to an entity without capacity to receive title, the conveyance is a nullity. Id. Similarly, if property is conveyed to a trust and the trust fails, the property is thus deemed held for the transferor. Restatement (Third) of the Law of Trusts, § 8 (Tentative Draft 1 1996).
The question raised by the trustee's motion is whether the "Monad Trust" qualifies as a legal entity under Wyoming law. An examination of the facts of record and the Declaration of Trust shows that the Monad Trust is a name that has no legal entity.
First, the Monad Trust fails as an express trust under Wyoming law. An express trust is a trust arising from the agreement of the parties, whether written or oral. In re Antweil, 154 B.R. 982, 985 (Bankr.D.N.M.1993). Under Wyoming law, the elements of a valid express trust are a competent settlor and trustee, an intention to create a trust, an ascertainable beneficiary, a legal purpose and a legal term. Matter of Estate of Lohrie, 950 P.2d 1030, 1032 (Wyo.1997). Likewise, a trust created by federal common law also requires certain elements, including an identifiable beneficiary. United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 103 S.Ct. 2961, 2962, 77 L.Ed.2d 580 (1983). The Monad Trust has no term or beneficiary.
The defendants argue the Monad Trust is a "pure trust" established by the common law. The terminology used to describe trusts is often imprecise, so not surprisingly, the defendants misunderstand the nature of various types of trusts.
The defendants are correct that a pure trust is not created pursuant to statute. However, the term "pure trust" generally refers to an ordinary trust, rather than a resulting trust or a constructive trust. As such, a pure trust is an orthodox trust whereby a trustee manages property for the benefit of named or described persons, as distinguished from a business association in trust form. Fletcher v. Clark, 57 F.Supp. 479, 480 (D.Wyo.1944), aff'd 150 F.2d 239 (10th Cir.1945), cert. denied, 326 U.S. 763, 66 S.Ct. 144, 90 L.Ed. 459 (1945). Regardless of the nomenclature, a pure trust is simply an express trust that requires identification of a beneficiary. The Monad Trust fails as a...
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