In re Interest of F.J.G.M.

• Decision Date: 20 July 2016
• Docket Number: No. 3D15–546.,3D15–546.
• Citation: 196 So.3d 534
• Parties: In the Interest of: F.J.G.M., a minor child, Appellant.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

196 So.3d 534

In the Interest of: F.J.G.M., a minor child, Appellant.

No. 3D15–546.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Third District.

July 20, 2016.

Law Office of Liza R. Galindo, P.A., and Liza R. Galindo, for appellant.

Before ROTHENBERG, SALTER, and EMAS, JJ.

On Motion for Rehearing and Request for Written Opinion

ROTHENBERG, J.

Upon F.J.G.M.'s motion for rehearing and request for a written opinion, we deny F.J.G.M.'s motion for rehearing. We, however, grant F.J.G.M.'s request for a written opinion; withdraw this Court's August 12, 2015 per curiam opinion citing to In re K.B.L.V., 176 So.3d 297 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015), and In re B.Y.G.M., 176 So.3d 290 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015), and affirming the trial court's order denying F.J.G.M.'s private dependency petition; and issue the following opinion in its stead.

On or about February 2, 2015, Cenia Yaquelin Guifarro, F.J.G.M.'s mother (“the mother” or “his mother”), who resides in Miami, Florida, filed a private petition, seeking an adjudication finding her minor son, F.J.G.M., dependent as defined in section 39.01(15) of the Florida Statutes. If adjudicated dependent, F.J.G.M. becomes eligible for a Special Immigrant Juvenile (“SIJ”) status visa under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, and ultimately to obtain permanent immigration status in this country. The petition is based solely on abandonment by F.J.G.M.'s father since F.J.G.M.'s birth in 2003, and the threat that if F.J.G.M.'s petition were denied, he would be deported back to Honduras. The trial court summarily denied the mother's private petition for adjudication of dependency. We affirm because abandonment by the man the mother claims is F.J.G.M.'s father is too remote, see In re S.A.R.D., 182 So.3d 897, 902–03 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016) ; In re K.B.L.V., 176 So.3d at 299 ; In re B.Y.G.M., 176 So.3d at 293 ; and there is no claim that F.J.G.M. was abandoned, abused, or neglected by his mother.

Based on the petition and a sworn affidavit, it is alleged that F.J.G.M. was born in Honduras on February 1, 2003. At the time of F.J.G.M.'s birth, his mother was not married, no man was named as F.J.G.M.'s father on his birth certificate, and his mother did not name any man as F.J.G.M.'s father when she applied for public assistance. F.J.G.M.'s mother has stated that she believes that Alexis Escobar (“Escobar”) is the probable father, and Escobar has acknowledged paternity during these dependency proceedings.

When F.J.G.M. was two years old, he and his mother began living with his mother's good friend, Seydi Cayo. In 2005, his mother left F.J.G.M. in the care of Ms. Cayo, and his mother went to the United States to obtain work to support F.J.G.M. The record does not reflect whether F.J.G.M.'s mother entered the United States legally or illegally, however, she acknowledges that she has always maintained a close and meaningful relationship with F.J.G.M. She called him regularly and regularly sent him money in order to support his needs. F.J.G.M. lived with and was cared for by Ms. Cayo until he left Honduras and illegally entered the United States on July 1, 2013 through the Texas border. F.J.G.M. was subsequently released to his mother by the Office of Refugee Resettlement. F.J.G.M. continues to live with and is being cared for by his mother and there is no allegation or evidence that she has ever abandoned, abused, or neglected F.J.G.M. The mother merely wants her son to live with her in the United States, and F.J.G.M. wants to remain in the United States.

ANALYSIS

A. The Immigration Act

The Immigration Act of 1990 (“the Act”) created a category of “special immigrants” who are entitled to obtain permanent immigration status in this country. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27). One such category is for undocumented/illegal youths who are under the protection of a state juvenile, family, or probate court. Id. at § 1101(a)(27)(J). To qualify for an SIJ visa, the minor must be a juvenile immigrant who is present in the United States, and

(i) who has been declared dependent on a juvenile court located in the United States or whom such a court has legally committed to, or placed under the custody of, an agency or department of a State, or an individual or entity appointed by a State or juvenile court located in the United States, and whose reunification with 1 or both of the immigrant's parents is not viable due to abuse, neglect, abandonment, or a similar basis found under State law;

(ii) for whom it has been determined in administrative or judicial proceedings that it would not be in the alien's best interest to be returned to the alien's or parent's previous country of nationality or country of last habitual residence; and

(iii) in whose case the Secretary of Homeland Security consents to the grant of special immigrant juvenile status[.]

Id. (emphasis added).

“The SIJ provisions of [the Act] were enacted in 1990 to protect abused, neglected, or abandoned children who, with their families, illegally entered the United States.” Yeboah v. United States Dep't of Justice, 345 F.3d 216, 221 (3d Cir.2003). “Rather than being deported along with abusive or neglectful parents, or deported to parents who had abandoned them once in the United States, such children may seek special status to remain in the United States.” Id.

In 2008, Congress eliminated the requirement that the child be eligible for long-term foster care, see 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J)(i), and added language requiring the inability of the child to be reunited with “1 or both” parents because of “abuse, neglect, abandonment, or a similar basis” under state law. Id.

Thus, the procedure for obtaining SIJ status is a two-step procedure. First, the child must petition a state juvenile court to obtain an order finding that the child has satisfied certain state dependency criteria. This order is a predicate before a child can submit his or her application for SIJ status. The juvenile court does not make an immigration determination. In re Marcelina M.–G. v. Israel S., 112 A.D.3d 100, 109, 973 N.Y.S.2d 714(N.Y.App.Div.2013). If the child obtains an order from a state juvenile court finding him dependent and the juvenile court issues a best interest order, he can then apply for SIJ status, which, if obtained, will permit the child to apply for adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255 in an effort to obtain legal permanent residency and, eventually, United States citizenship. 8 U.S.C. § 1255.

As the Third Circuit Court of Appeals noted in M.B. v. Quarantillo, 301 F.3d 109, 114 (3d Cir.2002), “[b]eing granted such status is, of course, quite advantageous to an alien.” For example, SIJ status provides exemption from deportation on certain grounds, including being present in the United States illegally. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B-C). A juvenile granted SIJ status is deemed “to have been paroled into the United States” for purposes of discretionary adjustment of his status “to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence.” 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a), (h)(1), and certain grounds of inadmissibility do not apply (including unlawful entry into the United States), and other grounds may be waived by the Attorney General. 8 U.S.C. § 1255(h)(2) ; 8 U.S.C. § 1182. As is obviously apparent, obtaining an order of dependency and SIJ status allows the child who entered the United States or stayed in the United States illegally to jump to the front of the line ahead of those who are attempting to immigrate to the United States lawfully and permits the child to bypass many of the requirements established for regular legal immigration.

The instant petition, like so many, is an attempt to expand the stated purpose of the Act. As stated earlier, “[t]he SIJ provisions of [the Act] were enacted in 1990 to protect abused, neglected, or abandoned children who, with their families, illegally entered the United States. ” Yeboah, 345 F.3d at 221 (emphasis added). These provisions allow such children to seek SIJ special status to remain in this country “[r]ather than being deported along with the abusive or neglectful parents, or deported to parents who had abandoned them once in the United States.” Id. (emphasis added). The purpose of the Act is not to provide exemption from deportation to children who forgo legal immigration migration to the United States and illegally enter the United States in search of a better life or to be reunited with a family member who came to the United States legally or illegally.

As this Court noted in In re S.A.R.D., this attempt to expand the stated purpose of the Act not only encourages illegal immigration,¹ it places a very difficult burden upon the state courts tasked with reviewing these private dependency petitions and making dependency determinations. In re S.A.R.D., 182 So.3d at 901.

B. Chapter 39

The instant petition was filed under Chapter 39 of the Florida Statutes, which pertains to proceedings relating to children. Chapter 39 defines a dependent child, in part, as one who has been “abandoned, abused, or neglected by the child's parent or parents or legal guardians.” § 39.01(15)(a), Fla. Stat. (2015). Because the petition was filed as a private petition with no services being sought, the Department of Children and Families (“DCF”) declined to appear. DCF is now appearing in these cases.

After review, the trial court summarily denied the petition. Before addressing the merits, we take this opportunity to respond to the dissent. In the instant case on rehearing, and in In re B.R.C.M., 182 So.3d 749 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015), Judge Salter has dissented from this Court's affirmance of the trial court's orders declining to find the minor child dependent based on the trial court's failure to conduct an evidentiary hearing and to make specific findings of fact. From a procedural standpoint, we note that the failure to conduct an evidentiary hearing below has not been preserved for appellate review. No objection was raised in the trial court, and in fact, the issue has not...