In re Jones, 73-2496 Summary Calendar.

• Citation: 490 F.2d 452
• Decision Date: 25 February 1974
• Docket Number: No. 73-2496 Summary Calendar.,73-2496 Summary Calendar.
• Parties: In the Matter of Charles Armand JONES, Bankrupt. FRIENDLY FINANCE DISCOUNT CORPORATION, Appellant, v. Charles Armand JONES, Appellee.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (5th Circuit)

490 F.2d 452 (1974)

In the Matter of Charles Armand JONES, Bankrupt.

FRIENDLY FINANCE DISCOUNT CORPORATION, Appellant, v. Charles Armand JONES, Appellee.

No. 73-2496 Summary Calendar.^*

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

February 25, 1974.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

John G. Loftin, Monroe, La., for appellant.

Sam O. Henry, III, West Monroe, La., for appellee.

Before THORNBERRY, GOLDBERG and RONEY, Circuit Judges.

GOLDBERG, Circuit Judge:

In this bankruptcy case appellant Friendly Finance Discount Corporation asks us to approve its none too amicable attempts to ensnare Charles Armand Jones in the statutory intricacies of the Bankruptcy Act. Believing that appellant's objections were properly discounted below, we affirm the district court's order upholding the decision of the bankruptcy judge to grant an unrestricted discharge.

Jones filed a voluntary petition in bankruptcy in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana on March 31, 1971, and was adjudicated a bankrupt. On April 27, 1971, appellant filed a motion for completion of schedules, based on Jones' failure to include on the Schedule A-3 Statement of debts owed to unsecured creditors the dates on which certain debts were contracted.¹ The same day the bankruptcy judge ordered Jones to complete the Schedule A-3 within ten days of service of the order.

On June 21, 1971, appellant filed a Specification of Objections to Discharge and an application to have the debt owed to it declared nondischargeable.² Appellant charged that Jones knowingly and fraudulently made various oaths; that in an effort to defraud his creditors, he knowingly concealed or transferred various assets, including an automobile, an insurance policy, a savings account, and a rifle; that he fraudulently disposed of mortgaged assets by pawning and not redeeming a rifle and by destroying a citizens band radio in order to hinder or defraud his creditors; that he had received credit based on a financial statement that did not list all of his debts; and that he had disobeyed a lawful order of the court by failing to file a timely amendment to his Schedule A-3.

On August 27, 1971, a hearing was held before the bankruptcy judge on the objections to discharge, and on March 2, 1972, the judge rendered his decision that bankrupt was entitled to discharge.³ Friendly Finance petitioned for review of the order, repeating its list of objections to discharge and urging the district court to reverse the bankruptcy judge's decision. Instead the court affirmed the bankruptcy judge's findings and rulings in all respects. On this appeal Friendly Finance has dropped all but one of its objections to discharge — that bankrupt never complied with a lawful order of the court.

Section 14(c)(6) of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C. § 32(c)(6) (1970), provides that discharge shall be granted unless the court is satisfied that the bankrupt "in the course of a proceeding under this title refused to obey any lawful order of . . . the court. . . ." See 1A Collier, supra note 1, at ¶ 14.57. In this case the order of the court was that Jones "complete Schedule A-3 stating the dates the debts were contracted within ten days of the date this order is served." It is undisputed that the order was lawful, see 11 U.S.C. § 67(a)(3); 1A Collier, supra note 1, at ¶ 7.12; 2 id. at ¶ 39.05. It is also undisputed that Jones did not comply with the literal terms of the order. At the August 27, 1971, hearing on objections to discharge, the bankruptcy judge sought the reasons for the failure to comply. The attorney for the bankrupt explained that although he was unable to get any more specific information about the dates of the debts, he had prepared a timely amendment that essentially restated the information in the original petition. Unfortunately, through mistake or inadvertence the amendment was left in the attorney's files instead of being filed with the court. Over objection by Friendly Finance, the bankruptcy judge accepted the tendered amendment, then completed the schedule in open court in colloquy with Jones' attorney.

Citing various provisions of the Bankruptcy Act, General Orders, and Official Forms, appellant argues that Jones should not have been allowed to amend his schedule at the time of the hearing, nearly four months after the deadline imposed in the initial order. To allow him to do so would be to hold creditors to the letter of the law while permitting bankrupts' "sloppy and illegal compliance." Furthermore, even if the late date of the amendment was not objectionable, the oral method of the amendment rendered it nugatory, because amendments to petitions and schedules must be printed or written, signed, verified, and filed in triplicate. Since the attempted amendment was legally insufficient, the bankrupt never did comply with the lawful order, and discharge should not have been granted.

Reliance on the Bankruptcy Act, chapter and verse, is to be applauded, but statutory detail should never obscure the relatively simple standards by which a Court of Appeals must evaluate this type of bankruptcy case. The right to a discharge in bankruptcy is addressed to the sound discretion of the bankruptcy court, and appellate courts should interfere only for the most cogent, compelling reasons in situations of gross abuse. In the Matter of Moran, 3 Cir. 1972, 456 F.2d 1030, cert. denied, 409 U.S. 872, 93 S.Ct. 201, 34 L.Ed.2d 123; In the Matter of Barbato, 3 Cir. 1970, 421 F.2d 1324, 1327; Jayne Meadows Travel Agency v. Dashiell, 9 Cir. 1969, 416 F.2d 1253; Spach v. Strauss, 5 Cir. 1967, 373 F.2d 641, citing, Minella v. Phillips, 5 Cir. 1957, 245 F.2d 687, 690; Kansas Federal Credit Union v. Niemeir, 10 Cir. 1955, 227 F.2d 287, 291. Thus, as we said in Spach v. Strauss, supra, 373 F.2d at 644, and repeated in Martin v. Mercantile Financial Corporation, 5 Cir. 1968, 404 F.2d 886, "The sole inquiry here . . . is whether the factual issues were resolved erroneously, and clearly so, and whether the discharge in this case amounted to an abuse of discretion." Accord, Morehead v. Greenville Supply Co., 6 Cir. 1971, 439 F.2d 962, 963, 964.

Friendly Finance apparently believes that under the Act, the failure of a bankrupt to obey a lawful order of the court is an "automatic bar that obviates the need to exercise any discretion," see In re Boudreau, D.Conn.1972, 350 F. Supp. 644, 646. Since the order to complete the schedules was concededly lawful and the bankrupt could point to no impossibility of performance, the failure to comply required the bankruptcy court to deny discharge. To answer this argument we need go no further than the Act itself, which does not say that a discharge must be denied for failure to obey an order. Our conclusion is reinforced by the case law, especially a recent decision by the Second Circuit, based on similar reasoning, holding that "the referee must exercise his discretion whether or not to grant a discharge, even when an order has not been followed." In re Kokoszka, 2 Cir. 1973, 479 F.2d 990, 997. Accord, Jayne Meadows Travel Agency v. Dashiell, 9 Cir. 1969, 416 F.2d 1253, 1254; In re Boudreau, D.Conn.1972, 350 F.Supp. 644; In re Van Meter, S.D.Cal.1962, 208 F. Supp. 835; In re Edwards, S.D.Cal.1947, 73 F.Supp. 312; In re Setzler, S.D.Cal. 1947, 73 F.Supp. 314. As the Kokoszka court noted,

The denial of a discharge can work a serious deprivation upon a debtor, and there are many circumstances where a bankrupt\'s disobedience may have been inadvertent or otherwise excusable. Moreover the denial of a discharge is not the only weapon available to the referee in order to enforce his order as a recalcitrant petitioner can also be held in contempt . . . .

479 F.2d at 997.

Appellant makes no challenge in this appeal to the resolution of factual issues below, and our own examination of the record has revealed no plain error. We are thus now limited to a search for abuse of discretion, mindful of two important principles. First, the right to discharge is statutory, and the provisions of section 14 of the Act relating to discharge should be construed liberally in favor of the bankrupt and strictly against the objecting creditor. Spach v. Strauss, supra, 373 F.2d at 642-643; In re Pioch, 3 Cir. 1956, 235 F.2d 903, 905. Secondly, the reasons for denying discharge to a bankrupt must be real and substantial, not merely technical or conjectural. In re Pioch, supra; Dilworth v. Bootle, 5 Cir. 1934, 69 F.2d 621, 624.

We do not, of course, mean to denigrate the importance of complying with the lawful orders of the court throughout the course of a bankruptcy proceeding. Certainly there are situations in which failure to obey such orders can have seriously deleterious consequences for creditors or on the authority of the court. The bankruptcy judge, however, is in the best position to make this evaluation, and we should be reluctant to challenge his conclusions. In Kokoszka, supra, 479 F.2d at 997-998, the Second Circuit outlined some of the factors to be considered by the bankruptcy judge in deciding whether failure to obey an order justifies denying discharge:

He should weigh the detriment to the proceedings and the dignity of the court against the

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