In re Krause

Citation386 B.R. 785
Decision Date21 April 2008
Docket NumberBankruptcy No. 05-17429.,Adversary No. 05-5775.
CourtUnited States Bankruptcy Courts. Tenth Circuit. U.S. Bankruptcy Court — District of Kansas
PartiesIn re Gary E. KRAUSE, Debtor. United States of America, Plaintiff, and Linda S. Parks, Trustee, Intervener, v. Gary Krause and Richard Krause, Defendants and Drake Krause and Rick Krause, Intervener.

Thomas W. Curteman Jr., US Department of Justice Tax Division, Hilarie E. Snyder, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff,

Gary E. Krause, pro se.

Michael Morris, Wichita, KS, for Intervener and Defendant,

Gaye B. Tibbets, Scott M. Hill, Hite Fanning and Honeyman LLP, Linda S. Parks, Wichita, KS, for Intervener,

MEMORANDUM OPINION

ROBERT E. NUGENT, Chief Judge.

                                                     TABLE OF CONTENTS
                  I.  INTRODUCTION ......................................................................----
                      A.  Nature of Case.................................................................----
                      B.  Procedural History.............................................................----
                      C.  The June 4, 2007 Sanctions Order...............................................----
                
                 II.  FINDINGS OF FACT...................................................................----
                      A.  Krause's Business Ventures and Corporate Activity..............................----
                          1.  Real Estate Partnerships — Section 8 Housing Projects.....................----
                          2.  Barton Enhanced Oil Recovery Income Fund ..................................----
                          3.  Energy Associates, Inc.....................................................----
                          4.  Federal Gasohol Corporation................................................----
                          5.  Financial Investment Management Corporation................................----
                          6.  Development Associates, Inc................................................----
                          7.  Drake Enterprises, Inc.....................................................----
                          8.  PHR, L.L.C.................................................................----
                          9.  Polo Executive Rentals.....................................................----
                          10. Quivira Associates.........................................................----
                          1.  Krause's IRS Examinations..................................................----
                          2.  Krause's Tax Court Litigation..............................................----
                          3.  Krause's Tax Assessments and Federal Tax Liens.............................----
                          4.  IRS Collection Summons.....................................................----
                      C.  Krause and Teresa Briggs ......................................................----
                          1.  Krause's Premarital Holdings...............................................----
                          2.  Krause's Antenuptial Agreement.............................................----
                          3.  Gary's and Teresa's Health.................................................----
                          4.  Krause's Personal Financial Statements.....................................----
                          5.  Krause's Transfers to Teresa ..............................................----
                              a.  Mission Property.......................................................----
                              b.  Note Receivable Assignments............................................----
                              c.  Security Interests in Partnership Interests............................----
                              d.  Quivira................................................................----
                          6.  Krause's Disclaimed Inheritance............................................----
                          7.  Paine Webber and Merrill Lynch Accounts ...................................----
                          8.  Krause's Control and Management of the PW and ML Accounts
                      D.  Trusts.........................................................................----
                          1.  Creation of Krause Children Trusts (KCTs)..................................----
                          2.  Gary E. Krause Trust (GEKT) and Krause Irrevocable Trust (KIT)
                          3.  Transfers to Trusts........................................................----
                              a.  KCTs...................................................................----
                              b.  GEKT ..................................................................----
                              c.  KIT....................................................................----
                          4.  Gary's Control over Trust Assets...........................................----
                              a.  Mission property.......................................................----
                              b.  7711 Oneida Property and Teresa's Gift Mortgage .......................----
                              c.  Wentworth Property-Section 1031 Tax Free Exchange......................----
                              d.  Gary's Car Loan from KCT...............................................----
                              e.  FIMCO loan from KCT for Dream Swing Investment.........................----
                      E.  Gary-Teresa 2000 Divorce ......................................................----
                          1.  Teresa's Allegations of Tax Fraud..........................................----
                          2.  Reconciliation and $170,000 Settlement.....................................----
                          3.  2002 Divorce...............................................................----
                      F.  Post-Divorce Activity..........................................................----
                          1.  Domination of KCT Assets...................................................----
                          2.  Reimbursement of FIMCO/Fed Gas for Krause Living Expenses and
                                Credit Card Bills........................................................----
                          3.  Lease of Oneida to FIMCO and Krause .......................................----
                      G.  IRS Collection Activity........................................................----
                          1.  July 2005 Collection Summons ..............................................----
                          2.  Creation of PHR, LLC and Transfer of Oneida Property ......................----
                          3.  Krause Files Bankruptcy....................................................----
                          4.  Government Commences this Adversary Proceeding.............................----
                III.  ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
                
                      A.  Dischargeability of Krause's Tax Debt Under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(1)(C)
                          1.  Fraudulent Tax Return .....................................................----
                          2.  Willful Evasion of Collection..............................................----
                      B.  KCTs as Krause's Nominees .....................................................----
                          1.  Krause's Property Interest in the KCTs Under Kansas Law....................----
                              a.  Statute of Limitations.................................................----
                              b.  Badges of Fraud........................................................----
                              c.  Transfers of Life Insurance Policies...................................----
                              d.  Resulting Trust Theory for Krause's Property Interest..................----
                          2.  The KCTs as Krause's Nominees Under Federal Law............................----
                              a.  Control Over the KCTs..................................................----
                              b.  Use of KCTs to Pay Personal Expenses...................................----
                              c.  Relationship Between Taxpayer and KCTs.................................----
                              d.  Lack of Oversight Over Taxpayer's Actions .............................----
                              e.  Lack of Consideration for Transfers....................................----
                      C.  Fraudulent Transfers...........................................................----
                          1.  The Court's Determination of KCTs Nominee Status Renders a
                                Determination on the Fraudulent Transfer Claims Moot.....................----
                          2.  Quivira....................................................................----
                              a.  Facts Pertaining to Quivira............................................----
                              b.  Fraudulent Transfer of Quivira Ownership Interest......................----
                      D.  Permanent Injunction ..........................................................----
                 IV.  CONCLUSION.........................................................................----
                
I. INTRODUCTION

Just ... follow the money ...1

Gary E. Krause is a man who has everything and owns nothing, largely by his own design. As will be described at considerable length in this opinion, debtor and defendant Gary E. Krause has spent the last two decades taking actions intended to shield his assets from the collection efforts of the United States. Following the money over the trail of Krause's asset manipulation is torturous. It involves numerous inter-entity and intra-family transfers that often occurred in close temporal proximity to proceedings or determinations by the IRS or the Tax Court that adversely affected Krause. At the center of these manipulations is Krause's antenuptial agreement with his former wife, Teresa Briggs, and transfers he made to her that violate the clear terms of that agreement. The sheer number and scope of the transactions assure that these are not coincidences. And, all of Krause's schemes had one ultimate goal: the protection of his property by placing it in the names of third parties or entities while retaining its full use and control.

Both the United States and chapter 7 trustee, Linda S. Parks sue for a determination that assets held by corporations, partnerships, and trusts associated with Krause are in fact his assets, subject to his dominion and control, and therefore subject to the legitimate claims of his principal creditor, the...

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