In re Matthews, Bankruptcy No. 85-01744M.
| Decision Date | 25 June 1986 |
| Docket Number | Bankruptcy No. 85-01744M. |
| Citation | 65 BR 24 |
| Parties | In re Roger L. MATTHEWS and Janice A. Matthews d/b/a Matthews' IGA, Debtors. |
| Court | U.S. Bankruptcy Court — Northern District of Iowa |
Larry S. Eide, Mason City, Iowa, trustee.
John R. Cronin, Nashua, Iowa, for debtors.
Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law; ORDERS re Objections to Exemptions
The matter before the Court is whether Roger L. Matthews' (Debtor) Individual Retirement Account is exempt from Debtors' bankruptcy estate. The matter came for hearing on March 27, 1986, at which time the exemption issue was taken under advisement. The Court having reviewed the evidence and being fully advised, now makes the following Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order pursuant to F.R.B.P. 7052. This is a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(B).
1. Prior to filing for bankruptcy relief, Debtor established and contributed to an Individual Retirement Account (IRA).
2. In his bankruptcy schedules, Debtor claimed his IRA fund as exempt property pursuant to Iowa Code § 627.6(9)(e).
3. At time of hearing Debtor had not attained age 59½.
4. The full amount of the IRA account is reasonably necessary for the support of Debtor and his dependents.
The Iowa exemption statute relevant to the case at bar provides:
Iowa Code Section 627.6(9)(e).
The Trustee has objected to Debtor's claim of exemption. The Trustee contends Debtor's IRA is not exempt from his bankruptcy estate because Debtor's right to payment from his IRA is not due to his illness, disability, death, age or length of service. Further, because Debtor is virtually free to fund, manage and withdraw from his IRA at any time, the Trustee contends Debtor's IRA is little more than a tax deferring savings account.
In response, Debtor contends his relatively free control and access to his IRA does not render it nonexempt. Rather, Debtor argues his IRA is exempt because it is a contract similar to pensions and annuities and it does provide payment on the basis of age and length of service.
Pensions (for purposes of this decision, pensions, annuities and similar plans and contracts will be referred to as pensions) are generally defined as a stated allowance or stipend made in consideration of past service to help the recipient pay for expenses. Typically, the pension is established by someone other than the recipient (e.g., his employer) and the recipient has little or no control over the fund. See, In re Zimmerman, slip op. at p. 4 (Bkrtcy.S. D.Iowa April 16, 1984); also, In re Fichter, 45 B.R. 534, 537 (Bkrtcy.N.D.Ohio 1984); In re Paquette, 38 B.R. 170, 173 (Bkrtcy. D.Vt.1984); In re Talbert, 15 B.R. 536, 537 (Bkrtcy.W.D.La.1981).
In contrast to the pension, control over an IRA lies almost exclusively in the recipient. The recipient is virtually free to determine the size and timing of deposits (subject to a $2,000.00 per year limit), the type of investment vehicle, and the size and timing of withdrawals. Further, although he must pay a penalty equal to 10 percent of the amount withdrawn before reaching age 59½, the recipient is free to withdraw funds from his account and use the funds for any purpose; not necessarily incident to the recipient's illness, disability, death, age or length of service. The key distinction between an IRA and a pension, then, is the recipient's virtually free access to his IRA funds and the lack of restrictions in the use of the funds.
Courts which have ruled on whether or not an IRA is exempt property have emphasized the debtor's relatively unrestricted control and use of IRA funds. For example, in In re Paquette, 38 B.R. 170, the court considered whether an IRA is exempt under 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(10)(E), the Federal exemption statute similar to Iowa Code Section 627.6(9)(e). That court decided Congress intended to exempt benefits "akin to debtor's future earnings" to insure the benefits are available for the debtor's retirement. To determine whether the benefits are akin to future earnings, the court considered whether accounts funds may be used only (emphasis added) for the purpose of providing retirement benefits to the individual. The court held an account is not exempt when funds may be withdrawn at any time even though a withdrawal penalty may be charged. Id. at p. 174. The court concluded debtor's IRA was not exempt under § 522(d)(10)(E).
By its interpretation of the meaning of an Ohio exemption statute very similar to § 522(d)(10)(E), the court in In re Fichter, 45 B.R. 534, also concluded an IRA is not exempt property. Among the court's observations were (1) an IRA is a tax deferment tool rather than a retirement fund, (2) the recipient has virtually free access to the IRA, (3) there is no guarantee the IRA funds will remain on deposit until debtor retires, and (4) an IRA payment is not akin to future earnings primarily because earnings and future earnings, (i.e., pension) are typically paid by employers while IRAs are individually funded. Id. at p. 537.
Other courts which have held a debtor's IRA is not exempt emphasize the debtor's access to his IRA is essentially unrestricted and unrelated to illness, disability, death, age or length of service. The cases include In re Lowe, 25 B.R. 86 (Bkrtcy.District South Carolina 1982) (); In re Howerton, 21 B.R. 621 (Bkrtcy.N.D.Texas 1982) (); In re Talbert, 15 B.R. 536 (Bkrtcy.W.D.La.1981) (); In re Mace,...
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