In re NA.H., 11–FS–1549.

• Citation: 65 A.3d 111
• Decision Date: 02 May 2013
• Docket Number: No. 11–FS–1549.,11–FS–1549.
• Parties: In re NA.H.; N.H., Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeals of Columbia District

65 A.3d 111

In re NA.H.; N.H., Appellant.

No. 11–FS–1549.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Argued Jan. 29, 2013.

Decided May 2, 2013.

Leslie J. Susskind argued the case for appellant. Caitlin Cavness, Student Attorney, Sadredin Mahmoudi, Student Attorney, and Tanya Asim Cooper, Supervising Attorney, were on the brief.

Stacy L. Anderson, Assistant Attorney General, with whom Irvin B. Nathan, Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Todd S. Kim, Solicitor General, and Donna M. Murasky, Deputy Solicitor General, were on the brief, for appellee.

Mindy Leon, guardian ad litem for Na.H., filed a statement in support of appellee District of Columbia.

Richard Espovich filed a statement in lieu of brief for the father of Na.H.

Before FISHER, BLACKBURNE–RIGSBY, and THOMPSON, Associate Judges.

FISHER, Associate Judge:

Appellant N.H. asks us to review a ruling that her daughter, Na.H., was a neglected child. However, N.H. did not seek review of the magistrate judge's order by a Superior Court judge until the time for doing so had passed. We therefore affirm the Superior Court's order dismissing the motion for review as untimely, and conclude that the merits of the neglect ruling are not properly before us.

I. Background

On January 4 and February 1, 2011, Magistrate Judge S. Pamela Gray held a hearing to determine whether appellant's daughter, Na.H., was neglected due to physical abuse, as defined in D.C.Code § 16–2301(A)(i) (2001). On February 1, Magistrate Judge Gray found that the government had proved by a preponderance of the evidence that N.H. inflicted physical injury upon Na.H. beyond what was permitted for parental discipline “reasonable in manner and moderate in degree.” D.C.Code § 16–2301(23)(B)(i) (2001). Accordingly, Judge Gray adjudicated Na.H. neglected due to physical abuse.

The court then turned to the question of disposition. At the close of the February 1 hearing, the court issued a disposition order that consisted of handwritten findings on a pre-printed form, and orally explained the findings of fact and conclusions of law that were the basis for its order. The order, which was entered on the docket that same day, committed Na.H. to the custody of the Child and Family Services Agency (CFSA) for a period not to exceed two years. Magistrate Judge Gray issued additional written findings of fact and conclusions of law on April 28, 2011.

N.H. filed a motion for review in the Superior Court on May 12, 2011, more than three months after the disposition order was entered, but within ten business days after Magistrate Judge Gray issued her written findings of fact and conclusions of law.¹ Superior Court Judge Zinora Mitchell–Rankin dismissed appellant's motion as untimely because it had not been filed within ten days of the magistrate judge's February 1 disposition order. Nevertheless, “for purposes of a complete review,” Judge Mitchell–Rankin issued an alternative ruling on the merits, affirming the finding of neglect. Appellant then filed a timely notice of appeal to this court.

II. Analysis

A. The time for seeking Superior Court review ran from the entry of the February 1 disposition hearing order.

While magistrate judges may enter “final orders or judgments” of the Superior Court, D.C.Code § 11–1732A (d)(2) (2001), “[s]uch orders or judgments are not final for purpose of review in this court,” Bratcher v. United States, 604 A.2d 858, 859 (D.C.1992). Instead, “[a]n appeal to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals may be made only after a judge of the Superior Court has reviewed the order or judgment.” D.C.Code § 11–1732(k) (2011); see also Arlt v. United States, 562 A.2d 633, 635 (D.C.1989) (reiterating that “an order or judgment of a hearing commissioner [now called a magistrate judge] is not directly appealable to this court”).

In cases of this kind, Family Court General Rule D(e) requires that a motion for review of a magistrate judge's order be filed within ten days, although it permits a twenty-day extension of that period upon a showing of excusable neglect.² The relevant date for determining the timeliness of appellant's motion for review by the Superior Court is February 1, when the disposition hearing order was entered on the docket. In re Ak.V., 747 A.2d 570, 573 (D.C.2000) (entry of written disposition order, not oral finding of neglect, started time for noting appeal); In re A.B., 486 A.2d 1167, 1168 (D.C.1984) (time for appeal began to run upon filing of dispositional order in child neglect case).

In both In re Ak.V. and In re A.B., a Superior Court judge, not a magistrate judge, conducted the neglect proceedings. Nevertheless, both cases squarely addressed the question of when the order was final for purposes of seeking review, and we clearly held that the disposition order was the final order. Those holdings govern in this context, where we must determine when the time for seeking Superior Court review started to run. The facts of those cases are also instructive.

In A.B., the trial court found that A.B. was a neglected child on March 15, 1982, and filed its dispositional order on April 2, 1982. Questioning the timeliness of the appeal, the District of Columbia (the appellee) “assert[ed] that it is unclear whether, in a neglect case, the appeal time begins to run upon the oral finding of neglect made after the neglect hearing or from the disposition order.” 486 A.2d at 1168. Addressing two prior decisions cited by the appellee,³ we explained that “[b]oth make it clear that the appeal time begins running when the final order issues.” Id. In neglect cases, the disposition is the final order. Any lack of clarity in our precedents arose from the fact that sometimes the final order is issued at the close of the neglect trial. In other cases, it is “issued at [a] disposition hearing held sometime after trial.” Id. In A.B., we held, “the final order was ... the Superior Court's dispositional order filed April 2, 1982.” Id.

In Ak.V., the court adjudicated the children neglected, then scheduled a disposition hearing for March 6, 1998. 747 A.2d at 572. The hearing was held as scheduled, and, “[b]y order docketed March 9, 1998, the three children were committed to the custody of [the District] for an indeterminate period not to exceed two years with visitation rights for the mother....” Id. at 573. The appellant's counsel did not file a timely appeal, but later sought an extension of time for “excusable neglect.” On August 27, 1998, the court docketed its “written findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting the January 21, 1998, neglect adjudication.” Id.

Citing In re A.B., we held that “[t]he rules of appellate procedure require notice of appeal to be filed within thirty days of entry of the disposition order[,]” that is, within thirty days of March 9, 1998, and remanded for a hearing on excusable neglect. Although we noted that “the court's written findings, which should have ‘accompanied’ the neglect finding, issued seven months after the adjudication of neglect and ten weeks after the disposition order[,]” id. at 577 n. 18, no one entertained the notion that the time for appeal did not begin to run until those findings and conclusions were issued.

In the present case, as in Ak.V., 747 A.2d at 573, the disposition order had the immediate legal effect of remanding Na.H. to the District's custody, as well as imposing additional conditions on N.H.'s access to her daughter. Although the February 1 order indicated that additional written findings of fact and conclusions of law would be issued at a later date, nothing in that order suggested that it was contingent upon the issuance of future findings or upon the outcome of later hearings. Indeed, by its plain language, the order took full effect on February 1. Cf. In re C.I.T., 369 A.2d at 172 (“Consideration of the effect of the orders themselves highlights the fallacy of appellant's position. The order of February 14 clearly purported to be a final adjudication terminating and extinguishing any right in appellant to govern or direct the lives of the minor children. It did not purport to make this ruling contingent on anything to be done at a subsequent hearing.”); United States v. Fraser, 330 A.2d 761, 763 (D.C.1975) (for purposes of determining timeliness of government appeal, oral ruling granting motion to suppress in criminal case was final when entered on docket, and written order entered six days later did not renew or extend time for appeal).⁴

Nevertheless, appellant insists that she could not be expected to seek review of the disposition order absent access to the more detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law upon which the court's order was based. We disagree. Although additional explanation of the court's reasoning may be useful in drafting a motion for review and supporting arguments, final orders are not always accompanied by detailed explanations. In this case, however, Magistrate Judge Gray had already provided detailed findings and conclusions, both orally and in the written disposition hearing order.⁵Cf. Fraser, 330 A.2d at 763 (“the trial court judge made extensive and thorough oral findings and reached legal conclusions on alternative theories”). Appellant and her counsel were present throughout that ruling.⁶ If, in a different case, a meaningful review was thwarted by a lack of findings, the parties could seek a remand, asking leave to supplement the motion for review after findings were entered.

Accordingly, appellant's motion for review by the Superior Court was untimely.

B. Appellant's claims regarding the merits are not properly before this court.

We now turn our attention to the impact of appellant's failure to file within the deadline for seeking Superior Court review. Although some time limits operate to deprive a court of jurisdiction, not all deadlines are created equal. Recent Supreme Court decisions have sought to establish and clarify the distinction between deadlines that are...