In re Registrant V.L.

• Decision Date: 20 July 2015
• Docket Number: DOCKET NO. A-0816-14T1
• Parties: In the Matter of Registrant V.L.
• Court: New Jersey Superior Court — Appellate Division

441 N.J.Super. 425

119 A.3d 914

In the Matter of Registrant V.L.

DOCKET NO. A-0816-14T1

Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division.

Argued May 27, 2015.

Decided July 20, 2015.

Seth R. Belson, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant V.L. (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Mr. Belson, on the brief).

Erin M. Bisirri, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent State of New Jersey (James P. McClain, Atlantic County Prosecutor, attorney; Ms. Bisirri, of counsel and on the brief).

Before Judges NUGENT, ACCURSO and MANAHAN.

Opinion

The opinion of the court was delivered by

NUGENT, J.A.D.

V.L. is a registered sex offender. He appeals from a September 16, 2014 Law Division order reclassifying his risk of reoffense or Tier, previously designated as low or Tier 1, to moderate or Tier 2, the latter requiring notification of his presence in the community not only to certain law enforcement agencies but also to certain community institutions and organizations. V.L. contends the trial court erred in scoring the Registrant Risk Assessment Scale (RRAS), the instrument used by prosecutors and courts to determine whether a sex offender presents a low (Tier 1), moderate (Tier 2), or high (Tier 3) risk of reoffense. Specifically, V.L. argues that RRAS criterion seven—length of time since last offense—applies to sex offenses only, and the trial judge erred by ruling to the contrary. Our review of the Att'y Gen. Guidelines for Law Enforcement for the Implementation of Sex Offender Registration and Cmty. Notification Laws (June 1998, rev'd Feb. 2007) (the Guidelines) leads us to agree with V.L. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new tier hearing.

The facts are undisputed. In 2003 V.L. pled guilty to fourth-degree criminal sexual contact, N.J.S.A. 2C:14–3(b), a sex offense as defined in Megan's Law.¹ The court sentenced him to 364 days in jail and three years' probation. The court also ordered V.L. to comply with Megan's Law's registration provisions, N.J.S.A. 2C:7–1 to –5. These provisions require an incarcerated sex offender to register with the chief law enforcement officer of the municipality in which the offender proposes to reside upon release from jail or prison, periodically verify the address, and re-register upon a change of address.

Megan's Law's community notification provisions, N.J.S.A. 2C:7–6 to –10, require the chief law enforcement officer of the municipality where a sex offender resides to notify certain agencies and organizations of the sex offender's presence in the community. The extent of the notification depends upon the registrant's risk of reoffense. If a registrant's reoffense risk is low, law enforcement agencies likely to encounter the registrant must be notified. N.J.S.A. 2C:7–8(c)(1). If the reoffense risk is moderate, community organizations “including schools, religious and youth organizations shall be notified[.]” N.J.S.A. 2C:7–8(c)(2). If the reoffense risk is high, “the public shall be notified[.]” N.J.S.A. 2C:7–8(c)(3). A registrant's “tier” is determined in large part by the registrant's score on the RRAS.

In 2003, following V.L.'s release from his jail term for the sex offense, he was classified as a Tier 1 offender. Between 2003 and 2014, V.L. was convicted of crimes that included employing a juvenile in the commission of a crime, N.J.S.A. 2C:24–9, conspiracy, N.J.S.A. 2C:5–2, and shoplifting, N.J.S.A. 2C:20–11(b) ; possession of a controlled dangerous substance, cocaine, N.J.S.A. 2C:35–10(a)(1) ; failing to verify his address, N.J.S.A. 2C:7–2(e) ; and burglary, N.J.S.A. 2C:18–2.

In 2014, following V.L.'s release from his prison term for burglary and his notifying authorities of his intent to change his address, the county prosecutor sought to reclassify him as a Tier 2 offender. At the tier hearing, the court determined that V.L. fell within Tier 2. In reaching that determination, the court rejected V.L.'s argument that RRAS criteria seven, “Length of Time Since Last Offense,” referred to sex offenses only. The court applied criterion seven to V.L.'s burglary conviction. As a consequence, V.L.'s overall score on the RRAS exceeded the maximum score for a low range or Tier 1 classification, and fell within the score for a moderate range or Tier 2 classification. V.L. appealed from the implementing order.

We begin our review with some fundamental observations about Megan's Law. The Legislature determined that the danger of recidivism posed by sex offenders and other designated predators “require[d] a system of registration that will permit law enforcement officials to identify and alert the public when necessary for the public safety.” N.J.S.A. 2C:7–1a. Megan's Law's registration and notification provisions are intended to “provide law enforcement with additional information critical to preventing and promptly resolving incidents involving sexual abuse and missing persons.” N.J.S.A. 2C:7–1b.

The Legislature directed the Attorney General to “promulgate guidelines and procedures” for providing notification to either law enforcement, community organizations, or the public, depending upon a sex offender's degree of risk of reoffense. N.J.S.A. 2C:7–8. In so directing the Attorney General, the Legislature noted explicitly that

Factors relevant to risk of re-offense shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

(1) Conditions of release that minimize risk of reoffense, including but not limited to whether the offender is under supervision of probation or parole; receiving counseling, therapy or treatment; or residing in a home situation that provides guidance and supervision;

(2) Physical conditions that minimize risk of reoffense, including but not limited to advanced age or debilitating illness;

(3) Criminal history factors indicative of high risk of reoffense, including:

(a) Whether the offender's conduct was found to be characterized by repetitive and compulsive behavior;

(b) Whether the offender served the maximum term;

(c) Whether the offender committed the sex offense against a child;

(4) Other criminal history factors to be considered in determining risk, including:

(a) The relationship between the offender and the victim;

(b) Whether the offense involved the use of a weapon, violence, or infliction of serious bodily injury;

(c) The number, date and nature of prior offenses;

(5) Whether psychological or psychiatric profiles indicate a risk of recidivism;(6) The offender's response to treatment;

(7) Recent behavior, including behavior while confined or while under supervision in the community as well as behavior in the community following service of sentence; and(8) Recent threats against persons or expressions of intent to commit additional crimes.

[N.J.S.A. 2C:7–8b].

In response to the Legislative Directive, the Attorney General “convened a committee composed of mental health experts as well as members of the Law Enforcement Committee, which drafted the [RRAS] and the accompanying Registrant Risk Assessment Scale Manual (RRA Manual),² which explains the [RRAS].” In re Registrant C.A., 146 N.J. 71, 82, 679 A. 2d 1153 (1996). The RRAS, a copy of which is attached to this opinion as Appendix A, is divided into four categories: “Seriousness of Offense,” “Offense History,” “Characteristics of Offender,” and “Community Support.” Each category contains at least two of a total of thirteen criteria and each criterion is given a score of zero, one, or three, depending on whether the criteria as applied to the offender create a low, moderate, or high risk assessment correlating to a tier. The factors are then weighted by means of a multiplier. An overall score of 0 to 36 places an offender in Tier 1; 37 to 73, in Tier 2; and 74 to 111, Tier 3.

This appeal requires us to interpret the Guidelines and the RRA Manual. Because such an interpretation presents a purely legal question, we owe no deference to the trial court and our review is plenary. State v. Pomianek, 221 N.J. 66, 80, 110 A. 3d 841 (2015) ; Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378, 658 A. 2d 1230 (1995).

The current RRA Manual explains:

The purpose of this assessment is to provide a method of notification to the public so as to address the concerns of the community regarding the location of convicted sex offenders who may be a risk of committing further offenses. The assessment process required by the statute is not intended to determine the actual probability of any one registrant reoffending. Rather, as the Court's opinion in Doe v. Poritz makes clear, the Legislature has already concluded that the nature of the offense, i.e., a sex offense, warrants notification at some level. “Therefore the probability of reoffense on the part of moderate-or high-risk offenders is not the issue before the court, but rather the relatively greater risk of reoffense compared either to the low-risk offender class or the moderate-risk offender class.” Doe v. Poritz, 142 N.J. 1, 34 (1995). Instead, using well recognized criteria, the panel has formulated a method of objectively placing registrants in tiers designed to provide the public with notice of the whereabouts of convicted sex offenders, such that the community will be better informed and prepared.

[Guidelines, supra, Exhibit E at 1.]

Under the heading, “The likelihood that the defendant will recidivate,” the RRA Manual states:

The expert panel reviewed existing risk assessment scales commonly used with sex offenders. In addition, the panel reviewed considerable research regarding predicting sex offender recidivism. These reviews of existing instruments and empirical literature led the panel to select risk assessment criteria that have demonstrated empirical support and common usage by sex offender experts. Other criteria which lacked such well-recognized empirical support were not included. These criteria can be divided into a few broad areas:

1.2.1. Intensity, duration, and frequency of illegal sexual behavior: Victim selection, number of

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