In re Taft
| Decision Date | 20 June 1995 |
| Docket Number | No. 94 CV 4979.,94 CV 4979. |
| Citation | 184 BR 189 |
| Parties | In re Robert L. TAFT, Debtor. Robert L. TAFT, Appellant, v. Richard O'CONNELL, Chapter 7 Trustee of the Estate of Robert L. Taft, Appellee. |
| Court | U.S. District Court — Eastern District of New York |
Robert W. Tauber, Brooklyn, NY, for appellant.
Yost & O'Connell (Richard E. O'Connell, of counsel), Whitestone, NY, for appellee.
Appellant Robert L. Taft (the Debtor) appeals from an August 20, 1994 order (the Order) of Judge Marvin A. Holland of the United States Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of New York, sustaining the objections filed by the Trustee in Bankruptcy, here the Appellee (the Trustee), to the Debtor's claims that his interest in (1) annuities established pursuant to the Taft Consulting Corporation (the Corporation) Simplified Employee Pension and (2) part of an individual retirement account were not part of the bankruptcy estate.
On August 13, 1981 the Corporation executed a Simplified Employee Pension — Individual Retirement Accounts Contribution Agreement (the Pension) whereby the Corporation agreed to contribute to individual retirement accounts or annuities on behalf of its employees. The Pension is a type of individual retirement account that permits the Debtor "to claim the tax benefits afforded" by section 408 of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 408(k). Pension, General Information ¶ 3.
Pursuant to the Pension, the Corporation contributed to three individual retirement annuities (the Annuities) on the Debtor's behalf. Under the terms of the Annuities the Debtor could, prior to his retirement, "withdraw all or part" of the accumulation value of the Annuities. Annuities ¶ 7. But neither the Debtor nor anyone else receiving payments under the Annuities could "assign, encumber or alienate" any of the payments and, to the extent permitted by law, neither the proceeds nor the payments could be encumbered or subjected to claims of creditors or legal process. Annuities ¶ 12. Further, if the Annuities were issued in conjunction with a retirement plan qualified under the Internal Revenue Code, the Debtor could not change their ownership or sell, assign, or pledge them as collateral. Annuities ¶ 27.
In addition to the Annuities, the Debtor established, sometime prior to August 1, 1990, a personally funded Individual Retirement Account (the IRA).
The Debtor filed for voluntary bankruptcy on August 1, 1990. He asserted that his interest in the Annuities was either excluded or exempt from the estate pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 541(c)(2) & 522(b)(2). He also claimed a $2,500 portion of the IRA as exempt pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2). The Trustee filed objections to the claims as to both the Annuities and the IRA, and the Debtor filed an answer to the objections.
The Bankruptcy Court sustained the Trustee's objections, concluding that because the Annuities (1) did not include restrictions on alienation enforceable under ERISA and (2) were not entitled to New York state statutory spendthrift protection, they were not excluded or exempted under 11 U.S.C. §§ 541(c)(2) & 522(b)(2). As to the claimed IRA exemption, the Bankruptcy Court sustained the Trustee's objection, finding that the Debtor had not challenged it.
This appeal followed.
The court reviews the Bankruptcy Court's conclusions of law de novo, and its findings of fact under a clearly erroneous standard. See In re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc., 922 F.2d 984, 988 (2d Cir.1990), cert. denied sub nom. Air Line Pilots Ass'n Int'l v. Shugrue, 502 U.S. 808, 112 S.Ct. 50, 116 L.Ed.2d 28 (1991); Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 8013.
Under the pertinent language of § 541(a)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code, the filing by the Debtor of the bankruptcy case created an estate comprised of, with certain exceptions, "all legal and equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case." One of the exceptions is contained in § 541(c)(2), which excludes from the estate property that is subject to a restriction "enforceable under applicable nonbankruptcy law" on the transfer of a debtor's beneficial interest in a trust.
The Supreme Court in Patterson v. Shumate, 504 U.S. 753, 756-60, 112 S.Ct. 2242, 2246-47, 119 L.Ed.2d 519 (1992), held that the term "enforceable nonbankruptcy law" referred not merely to state law but to "any relevant nonbankruptcy law including federal law such as ERISA."
Property that is not excluded from the estate under § 541(c)(2) may nonetheless be treated as exempted from the estate under § 522(b). That subsection provides, in pertinent part, that, notwithstanding § 541, an individual debtor "may exempt from property of the estate" the property listed in § 522(d), unless the state law applicable to the debtor does not so authorize. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(1).
New York law prevents debtors from utilizing the exemptions set out in § 522(d). See N.Y. Debt. & Cred.Law § 284. But § 522(b)(2)(A) permits debtors, as an alternative, to exempt property exempt under state law. Thus New York debtors may claim exemptions only under state law and under federal law other than § 522(d).
The Debtor says that the Annuities are excluded under § 541(c)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code because (1) they contain restrictions on alienation enforceable under ERISA and also because (2) they are entitled to spendthrift trust protection under New York Civil Procedure Law and Rules § 5205(c).
ERISA provides in pertinent part in 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d) that "each pension plan shall provide that benefits provided under the plan may not be assigned or alienated." The Debtor says that the Pension is a "pension plan" within the meaning of this section and that he may enforce the restrictions in the Pension. He points to 29 U.S.C. § 1132, which empowers "a participant, beneficiary or fiduciary" to bring a civil action "to enjoin any act or practice which violates any provision of this subchapter or the terms of the plan."
But 29 U.S.C. § 1051 provides that various plans are not covered by that part of ERISA containing § 1056(d). These uncovered plans include, among others, "(1) an employee welfare benefit plan" and "(6) an individual retirement account or annuity described in 26 U.S.C. § 408 as qualifying for preferential tax treatment." As the Supreme Court has stated, "pension plans that qualify for preferential tax treatment under 26 U.S.C. § 408 are specifically excepted from ERISA's anti-alienation requirement." Patterson, 504 U.S. at 762-63, 112 S.Ct. at 2249 (parentheticals omitted). Therefore simplified employee pensions such as the Pension here are not required to contain restrictions on alienation.
In Mackey v. Lanier Collection Agency & Service, Inc., 486 U.S. 825, 108 S.Ct. 2182, 100 L.Ed.2d 836 (1988), the Supreme Court considered the import of ERISA's failure to require that "employee welfare benefit plans," as opposed to certain "pension plans," contain anti-alienation provisions. The Court noted that "when Congress was adopting ERISA, it had before it a provision to bar the alienation or garnishment of ERISA plan benefits," but chose not to impose that limitation with respect to welfare benefit plans. The Court viewed the omission as "significant," concluding that when Congress intended in ERISA to extend anti-alienation protection to "a particular type" of ERISA plan, it did so expressly in the statute. Id. at 836-37, 108 S.Ct. at 2188-89. See also Retirement Fund Trust of the Plumbing, Heating and Piping Industry of Southern California v. Franchise Tax Bd., 909 F.2d 1266, 1280 (9th Cir.1990) ().
The reasoning of Mackey applies not only to a "welfare benefit plan" but also to "a particular type" of ERISA plan such as an "annuity," as exemplified by the Pension in this case, that qualifies for preferential tax treatment under 26 U.S.C. § 408.
Under the Mackey decision determining the effect of § 1051, the Annuities' non-statutory anti-alienation provisions are not enforceable under ERISA. Because those provisions are not "enforceable" under the "nonbankruptcy law" of ERISA, the Annuities are not excluded from the bankrupt estate by reason of § 541(c)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code.
Effective July 7, 1989 Section 5205(c) of New York Civil Practice Law and Rules provided, in relevant part, that all "interests" in "trusts, custodial accounts, annuities, insurance contracts, monies, assets or interests established as part of, and all payments from a Keogh (HR-10), retirement or other plan established by a corporation" qualified under section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code "shall be conclusively presumed to be spendthrift trusts" for all purposes, including all cases "arising" under the United States Bankruptcy Code.
The decisions of the New York courts have held that, under that section, individual retirement accounts qualified under § 408 of the Internal Revenue Code, including simplified employee pensions, were not spendthrift trusts. See Bank Leumi Trust Co. of New York v. Dime Savings Bank of New York, 202 A.D.2d 578, 579, 609 N.Y.S.2d 267, 268 (2d Dep't 1994), rev'd on other grounds, 85 N.Y.2d 925, 626 N.Y.S.2d 999, 650 N.E.2d 846 (1995) (); European American Bank & Trust Co. v. H. Frenkel, Ltd., 147 Misc.2d 423, 424, 555 N.Y.S.2d 1016, 1017-18 (N.Y.Sup.1990) (); In re Iacono, 120 B.R. 691, 695 (Bankr.E.D.N.Y.1990) ().
Under New York law as of August 20, 1994, the Annuities were not exempted from satisfaction of money judgments under N.Y.C.P.L.R. § 5205(c) and therefore were not excluded from the estate under § 541(c)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code.
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