Indurante v. Local 705, Intern. Broth. of Teamsters, AFL-CIO, AFL-CI

• Decision Date: 04 November 1998
• Docket Number: AFL-CI,No. 97-2733,D,97-2733
• Citation: 160 F.3d 364
• Parties: Jack INDURANTE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. LOCAL 705, INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS,efendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 364

160 F.3d 364

Jack INDURANTE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. LOCAL 705, INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, AFL-CIO,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 97-2733.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued Feb. 11, 1998.

Decided Nov. 4, 1998.

Katherine M. Anthony (argued), Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Melissa J. Auerbach Cornfield & Feldman, Chicago, IL, Peggy A. Hillman (argued), Indianapolis, IN, for Defendant-Appellee.

Before CUDAHY, EASTERBROOK and ROVNER, Circuit Judges.

Cudahy, Circuit Judge.

In May 1992, Daniel Ligurotis, the head of Teamsters Local 705, hired the plaintiff, Jack Indurante, to work as one of the Local's business agents. Not long afterward, a court-appointed overseer kicked Ligurotis out of the Teamsters for corruption. See United States v. International Bhd. of Teamsters, 814 F.Supp. 1165, 1168 (S.D.N.Y.1993). In a related development, in June 1993 the president of the Teamsters, Ron Carey, placed the Local under the control of a trustee. See International Bhd. of Teamsters v. Local Union 705, 827 F.Supp. 513 (N.D.Ill.1993). Carey appointed Harold Burke as the trustee, Gerald Zero as assistant trustee and John McCormick as international representative of the Teamsters. Burke resigned as the trustee in August 1994 and Zero took over; McCormick became assistant trustee. Zero contested and won an election to run the Local when the trusteeship concluded. He took over as the elected head of the Local in April 1995.

At 2 p.m. on October 7, 1994, Indurante received a pink slip with his regular paycheck. The bad news came in the form of the following letter from Zero, at that time running the Local as trustee:

As part of my mandate as Trustee of Local 705, I am authorized and required to review all operations of the Local. Included in our review is the entire personnel system, the current personnel of the Local, and the need to change the direction of the policy of the Local. We intend to make the operation and personnel more streamlined, efficient, and able to implement new policies.

Based upon that review, we have determined that your employment at Local 705 should not be continued. Therefore, effective October 7, 1994 you will no longer be employed at Local 705. Prior to receiving your last paycheck, we request that you return all files relative to your servicing assignment and all property belonging to Local 705. At that time, you will receive accrued vacation and severance.

Thank you for your service to Local 705.

That day five other business agents received the same letter.

On May 10, 1996, Indurante sued the Local, alleging that he was fired on account of his age, see 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634, and Italian heritage, see 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2000e-17. The district court granted the Local's motion for summary judgment on both counts. Indurante did not find the court's reasoning persuasive with respect to his national origin claim, and appeals the judgment on that basis.

According to the Local, Indurante was fired as part of a program to implement "[t]he mandate of the government ordered trusteeship of Teamsters Local 705 ... to clean house, to rid Teamsters Local 705 of the corruption which had permeated the Union during the Ligurotis reign." Answering Br. of Def.-Appellee 17. As the reference to cleaning house suggests, in the trustees' view the elimination of corruption called for something more than a surgical intervention: "[T]he Trustee made wholesale changes in personnel, selecting a staff of policy-making confidential employees whose views were compatible with that of the new leadership and in whom the new leadership had confidence." Id. (emphasis added). In the Local's account, Indurante's principal liability was his association with "the Ligurotis reign," a liability he shared with most of the other business agents.

Indurante counters that the Local's true agenda under the trusteeship was the elimination of Italian-Americans. Indurante has submitted affidavits from three of his former co-workers, who allege that during the trusteeship members of management made comments that confirm such a bias. According to one former business agent, about three weeks after McCormick was appointed to his position at the Local, "McCormick stated that all the Italians were going to be fired." This agent reports: "McCormick also stated all the Italians were nothing but mobsters and gangsters." Br. of Pl.-Appellant A38. The Local concedes that McCormick played a role in the decision to fire Indurante. Another former business agent states: "In June, 1993, Trustee Burke told me that the plans were 'to get rid of all the Italians.' " Id. at A37. It is undisputed that Zero encouraged Burke to fire Indurante when Burke headed the Local and that Burke refused to do so.

In a third affidavit, a former union organizer describes a confrontation he had with Gerald Zero on February 20, 1995, when Zero, then still the trustee, was campaigning to become the elected head of the Local, and the former organizer had returned to his position as a truck driver:

Zero appeared at the Preston [Trucking Company] ... entered the drivers' room, where there were about 16 drivers present, and began passing out campaign literature and talking about his election slate. I told him that all of the drivers were on company time and that he was not allowed to campaign for office. Zero kept talking, saying that it was his day off. I told him that the Company did not want union campaigning on their time. He then told me "the days of the goombahs are over."

Id. at A44. This former organizer declared that "I and several other drivers of Italian descent were offended by this remark." Id. (One meaning of "goombah" is "mafioso." Another is "trusted associate." See 1 Historical Dictionary of American Slang 932-33 (Jonathan Evan Lighter ed., 1994); New Dictionary of American Slang 175 (Robert L. Chapman ed., 1986).)

Indurante does not argue that he has presented the sort of evidence of discrimination that in itself entitles him to take his case to a jury without disproving the Local's stated rationale for firing him--evidence "that the person or persons with the power to ... fire ... [Indurante] were animated by" illegal bias. Venters v. City of Delphi, 123 F.3d 956, 972 (7th Cir.1997). In his brief, he summarizes the question presented as "whether Plaintiff has created an issue of material fact regarding pretext on the part of the Defendant Local 705 so as to preclude summary judgment." Id. at 7 (emphasis added). This indicates that on appeal Indurante is relying on " 'evidence from which a rational factfinder could infer that the [Local] lied about its proffered reason[ ] for his dismissal.' " O'Connor v. DePaul Univ., 123 F.3d 665, 670 (7th Cir.1997) (quoting Courtney v. Biosound, Inc., 42 F.3d 414, 424 (7th Cir.1994)).

In a footnote in his reply brief, Indurante suggests that he is not confining his case to pretext. He observes that "this Court may contemplate the evidence presented under any method of proof it deems appropriate." Reply Br. of Pl.-Appellant 1 n. 1; cf. id. at 13. True enough. But this footnote is not an argument, and the point comes too late in a reply brief. See Kauthar SDN BHD v. Sternberg, No. 97-2795, 1998 WL 388921, at * 7 (7th Cir. July 14, 1998).

An assertion that certain "discriminatory comments alone ought to have precluded entry of summary judgment in this case" does appear in Indurante's opening brief. Br. of Pl.-Appellant 14-15. This remark could be read as a claim that Indurante had enough evidence to proceed to trial without evidence of pretext. But the assertion is made in passing in the course of a discussion of another point, and it cites as authority a case decided on the grounds of pretext, Futrell v. J.I. Case, 38 F.3d 342, 345 (7th Cir.1994). A perfunctory and undeveloped assertion is inadequate to raise a separate basis for appeal. See Holleman v. Duckworth, 155 F.3d 906, 911-12 (7th Cir.1998); United States v. Cusimano, 148 F.3d 824, 828 n. 2 (7th Cir.1998); cf. United States v. Andreas, 150 F.3d 766, 769-70 (7th Cir.1998) (per curiam).

If a plaintiff merely emphasizes one method of proof, but the proper result is clear under the other method, we need not rely on procedural niceties and ignore the obvious. See, e.g., Robinson v. PPG Indus., 23 F.3d 1159, 1164-65 & nn. 2 & 3 (7th Cir.1994). In the present case, however, it is not obvious that the alleged statements of Burke, McCormick and Zero add up to direct proof of discriminatory intent. (We assume that all the statements are admissible; the district court thought Burke's statement was not, but the Local makes nothing of this in this court.) In particular, it is not clear that the comments are "related to the employment decision in question." Huff v. UARCO, Inc., 122 F.3d 374, 384 (7th Cir.1997).

The phrase "related to the employment decision in question" may simply mean that the comments should refer, first of all, to an employment decision, and second, to the same type of employment decision as the plaintiff is challenging. So comments about discrimination in hiring may not suffice if the case involves a discharge. See, e.g., Fuka v. Thomson Consumer Electronics, 82 F.3d 1397, 1403-04 (7th Cir.1996). But language in other cases goes further, suggesting that the comments should refer to the individual plaintiff's employment decision. See Venters, 123 F.3d at 973 ("One can readily infer from these remarks that Ives was not only willing (indeed, inclined) to evaluate employees in terms of his own religious beliefs and standards, but that in Venters' case, he actually did so."). ¹ Some decisions arguably rely on the latter proposition. See, e.g., Geier v. Medtronic, 99 F.3d 238, 242 (7th Cir.1996); Gilty v. Village of Oak Park, 919 F.2d 1247, 1252-53 & n. 7 (7th Cir.1990) (requiring "evidence of intentional discrimination directed at [the plaintiff]"); cf. Kennedy v. Schoenberg, Fisher & Newman, 140 F.3d 716, 724...