International Controls Corp. v. Vesco
| Citation | 535 F.2d 742 |
| Decision Date | 13 May 1976 |
| Docket Number | No. 694,D,694 |
| Parties | Fed. Sec. L. Rep. P 95,552 INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS CORP., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Robert L. VESCO et al., Defendants, and Vesco & Co., Inc., Defendant-Appellant. ocket 75-7548. |
| Court | United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (2nd Circuit) |
James J. Shrager, Newark, N. J. (Hannoch, Weisman, Stern & Besser, Newark, N. J., Susan I. Littman, West Orange, N. J., on the brief), and Arum, Friedman & Katz, New York City, for defendant-appellant.
Milton S. Gould, New York City (Shea, Gould, Climenko, Kramer & Casey, New York City, Daniel L. Carroll, New York City, of counsel), for plaintiff-appellee.
Before KAUFMAN, Chief Judge, and SMITH and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
Vesco & Co., Inc. (hereinafter the Company) is a personal holding company owned and controlled by financier Robert L. Vesco (hereinafter Vesco) and his family. The Company appeals from a decision rendered against it on August 22, 1975, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Charles E. Stewart, Jr., Judge ). That decision permits plaintiff-appellee International Controls Corp. (hereinafter ICC) to pierce the Company's corporate veil and use the Company's corporate assets to satisfy a judgment entered against Vesco personally.
For the reasons outlined below, we remand this controversy to the district court for further proceedings.
The instant appeal stems from the continuing efforts of ICC to recover damages against Vesco, his associates and various corporations controlled by the Vesco interests. Since the earlier stages of this saga have been examined elsewhere, International Controls Corp. v. Vesco, 490 F.2d 1334 (2d Cir. 1974), it is necessary for us to describe here only the most recent events in this extended litigation.
On June 7, 1973, the Special Counsel for ICC filed an action charging Vesco, Vesco's associates and many of the companies controlled by Vesco with having violated § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Rule 10b-5 of the Securities and Exchange Commission and a variety of common law fiduciary duties. 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. The heart of ICC's complaint against Vesco and his co-defendants is their alleged waste and misuse of ICC's corporate assets to the detriment of ICC's other shareholders.
On October 5, 1973, a default judgment was entered against Vesco, as a result of Vesco's failure to appear in the Southern District of New York along with the other defendants. The judgment of October 5, 1973, while establishing Vesco's personal liability, did not fix the amount of damages.
Following several hearings on the question of damages, a second default judgment was entered against Vesco on July 12, 1974. This latter judgment specified damages of $2,422,466.72, but left open the possibility that ICC might be able to prove further damages in subsequent proceedings.
Thus armed with two default judgments against Vesco, ICC attempted to satisfy its judgments with the corporate assets of the Company. ICC argued that the facts of the case warranted the piercing of the Company's corporate veil and the use of the assets of the Company to satisfy the judgments entered against Vesco personally. On August 22, 1975, Judge Stewart accepted ICC's arguments and issued an order authorizing ICC to satisfy its default judgments against Vesco with the assets of the Company.
It is from the order of August 22, 1975, that the Company appeals.
The Company advances four arguments for the reversal of Judge Stewart's order of August 22, 1975. First, the Company asserts that it was improper for the district court to pierce the Company's corporate veil and allow ICC to use the Company's assets to satisfy personal judgments against Vesco.
Second, the Company argues that the two default judgments which the execution order of August 22, 1975, is intended to satisfy were entered improperly since the Company was denied the right to present Vesco's personal defenses before the entry of the default judgments. Had Vesco been present to defend himself, the Company asserts, he would have raised two issues, alleged defects in the service upon him and alleged defects in ICC's pleadings below. Had these defenses been entertained by the court, the Company continues, they would have prevented the entry of default judgments against Vesco and thereby would have eliminated the basis for the subsequent execution order against the Company. It was thus a mistake, the Company concludes, for Judge Stewart to forbid the Company to raise those personal defenses on Vesco's behalf.
The Company argues, third, that certain assets which it holds are owned beneficially by Vesco's children and that those assets should be removed from the scope of the August 22, 1975, execution order. Finally, the Company asserts that the two default judgments entered against Vesco were not final and that, therefore, they cannot provide the basis for the subsequent execution order issued against the Company on August 22, 1975.
Since it is unclear from the record below whether, in fact, the default judgments against Vesco were final and therefor subject to execution, we remand for further proceedings.
It is well-established that "execution ordinarily may issue only upon a final judgment." Redding & Co. v. Russwine Construction Corp.,135 U.S.App.D.C. 153, 417 F.2d 721, 727 (1969); 33 C.J.S. Executions § 6c.
The order issued by Judge Stewart on August 22, 1975, was the first step in ICC's efforts to secure execution of the two default judgments entered earlier against Vesco. Hence, the validity of the August 22, 1975, execution order against the Company depends upon the finality of the earlier default judgments which that execution order is intended to satisfy. Only if the underlying judgments against Vesco are final is the subsequent execution order against the Company valid.
The Company argues that the default judgments entered against Vesco were not final. The Company points out that the first judgment entered against Vesco on October 5, 1973, did not specify the damages owed by Vesco to ICC. The failure to so specify, the Company claims, makes the first judgment interlocutory, rather than final, in nature. 1
With respect to the second judgment entered on July 12, 1974, the Company points out that the judgment affords ICC the opportunity to prove additional damages in subsequent proceedings. 2 In addition, the Company points out that the judgment of July 12, 1974, does not contain the certification of finality required by Rule 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in cases, such as this, where judgment is entered against one defendant while the other co-defendants continue to contest liability in the district court. Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b). 3
These two flaws in the second judgment, the Company maintains, make that judgment interlocutory also. Hence, the Company concludes, neither judgment against Vesco is final and thus the execution order issued against the Company on August 22, 1975, is invalid in the absence of an underlying final judgment. 4 It is the position of ICC that the second judgment issued on July 12, 1974, is final and therefore provides a proper basis for the August 22, 1975, execution order issued against the Company. 5 On the question of the Rule 54(b) certification, ICC points out that the first judgment did contain such a certification. 6 Since the second judgment refers back to and is an extension of the first, 7 ICC asserts, the Rule 54(b) certification of the first judgment must be imputed to the second.
Furthermore, ICC maintains that a judgment, such as the second judgment issued on July 12, 1974, is final as long as it specifies some amount of damages which the plaintiff can collect. Finality, ICC argues, does not require that a judgment specify all damages as long as it provides a minimal dollar figure which the plaintiff can collect while proving additional damages.
This court has repeatedly stressed the importance of strict adherence to the certification requirements of Rule 54(b). See, e. g., Browning Debenture Holders Committee v. DASA Corp., 524 F.2d 811, 814 n. 4 (2d Cir. 1975); Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 2660. The confusion surrounding the instant appeal demonstrates the need for such careful compliance.
We are frankly unsure whether the district court originally intended for the Rule 54(b) certification contained in its first judgment to apply to its second judgment as well. While that is one reasonable interpretation of the second judgment and while Judge Stewart indicated about one year after entry of the second judgment that this interpretation was the proper one, the very terms of Rule 54(b) require that certification of finality be "express" so as to avoid any ambiguity.
The failure to comply with the literal requirements of Rule 54(b) with respect to the second judgment might not, by itself, have compelled a remand to the district court although, as we noted in Browning Debenture Holders Committee, supra, we view strict compliance with Rule 54(b) as a matter of the greatest importance. However, other ambiguities in the judgment of July 12, 1974, compel us to return this case to the district court. In particular, the decision of the district court to allow for additional proof of damages prevents us from characterizing the second judgment of July 12, 1974, as final.
" A 'final decision' generally is one which ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment." Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233, 65 S.Ct. 631, 633, 89 L.Ed. 911, 916 (1945). The judgment of July 12, 1974, does not end this litigation with respect to Robert L. Vesco: ICC retains the right to appear and assert additional damages against him. Because the judgment leaves ICC that option, it cannot be...
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