Inzunza-Ortega v. Superior Court In and For County of Maricopa, INZUNZA-ORTEG

Decision Date10 November 1998
Docket NumberNo. 1,CA-SA,P,INZUNZA-ORTEG,1
Citation968 P.2d 631,192 Ariz. 558
PartiesJose Luisetitioner, v. SUPERIOR COURT of the State of Arizona, In and For the COUNTY OF MARICOPA, Michael Jeanes, the Clerk of the Court, Respondent, STATE of Arizona, Real Party in Interest. 98-0120.
CourtArizona Court of Appeals
OPINION

GRANT, Judge.

¶1 We accepted jurisdiction of this special action on June 24, 1998, and indicated a written decision would follow in due course. This is that decision. Jose Luis Inzunza-Ortega ("Petitioner") filed this Petition for Special Action on April 27, 1998. In his petition he alleged that, effective March 1, 1998, the Arizona Courts are forbidden to accept complaints from inmates, in prison for a felony conviction, unless and until the inmate pays the full filing fee in advance. Petitioner, who is such an inmate, attempted to file a complaint with the Clerk of Maricopa County Superior Court. The court's clerk rejected the complaint due to Petitioner's failure to pay, in advance, the $140 filing fee. In doing so, the clerk of the court relied on Arizona Revised Statutes Annotated ("A.R.S.") section 12-302(L)(2), effective March 1, 1998. Petitioner then filed this special action seeking relief.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2 Petitioner is a convicted felon incarcerated by the Arizona Department of Corrections ("ADOC"). Petitioner alleges that when he attempted to file a civil complaint in the Maricopa County Superior Court, the court's clerk returned his document unprocessed because Petitioner failed to pay the required filing fees. Attached to this Petition for Special Action is a document from the court's clerk explaining why Petitioner's civil complaint was not processed. That document states:

Pursuant to A.R.S. section 12-302(L)(2) effective March 1, 1998, "Neither a waiver nor deferral of court fees or costs shall be granted for: ... Civil actions other than domestic relations cases that are filed by persons who at the time of filing the application are incarcerated as a result of a felony conviction." You must pay the filing fee at the time of filing.

¶3 The applicable filing fees for this civil action are $140. Petitioner asserts that he cannot afford to pay the full civil filing fee. A review of Petitioner's inmate bank account records for the past six months by the State reveals that he receives $50 approximately every three weeks. The records also reveal that, during this same time frame, total deposits in his account equaled $400. During this same period, Petitioner spent in excess of $350 at the inmate store.

¶4 Petitioner does not assert that he asked for a deferral of filing fees pursuant to A.R.S. section 12-302(M) or that the court's clerk denied such a request. Petitioner asks this court to declare A.R.S. section 12-302(L)(2) an unconstitutional bar to his access to the courts. The statute (A.R.S. section 12-302(L)(2)) provides that neither a waiver nor a deferral of court fees or costs shall be granted for civil actions, other than for domestic relations cases, filed by a person incarcerated as a result of a felony conviction at the time of filing.

¶5 The State did not file a response to this special action initially, probably because Petitioner failed to serve the State properly as required. On June 3, 1998, this court issued an Amended Order, properly served on all parties, ordering both the Maricopa County Attorney and the Arizona Attorney General to file responses to the Petition for Special Action on or before June 15, 1998, answering the following two questions:

1. Does A.R.S. section 12-302(L)(2) require Petitioner to pay court fees in advance in order to file his civil action?

2. Does A.R.S. section 12-302(L)(2) unconstitutionally deprive inmates, convicted of felonies, of access to the Court?

¶6 On June 19, 1998, the State filed a response opposing the petition, in which Maricopa County joined.

JURISDICTION

¶7 Petitioner has no adequate remedy by appeal and, clearly, other similarly situated inmates attempting to file civil actions may be affected by the statute. Therefore, Petitioner has standing and potentially the issue is one of statewide importance. The Court of Appeals will accept special action jurisdiction in a case that raises a constitutional issue of first impression and statewide importance when there is no adequate remedy in any other procedure or forum. State v. Superior Court, 187 Ariz. 411, 414, 930 P.2d 488, 491 (App.1996).

¶8 If A.R.S. section 12-302(L)(2) bars prisoners in ADOC facilities, who cannot pay the entire filing fee in advance, from filing civil actions, then the statute is unconstitutional. However, for reasons discussed below, we do not reach the constitutional issue in this case.

ISSUE

Does A.R.S. section 302(L)(2) require Petitioner to pay civil filing fees in advance and unconstitutionally deprive him of access to the courts; and does Petitioner have standing to raise the issue that A.R.S. section 12-302(L)(2) denied him access to the courts?

DISCUSSION

¶9 This case involves conflicting provisions of A.R.S. section 12-302, as amended, effective January 1, 1998. Copies of the text of the prior and current versions of the statute are attached as addenda to this opinion, as well as a copy of A.R.S. section 12-306, the text of which was incorporated in amended A.R.S. section 12-302.

¶10 The Federal District Court for Arizona held that Arizona statutes requiring inmates to pay court fees and costs did not affect an inmate's ability to gain access to the courts but simply forced inmates to make some economic choices such as whether to pay an initial payment of twenty percent, with twenty percent installments thereafter. The statutes still allow filing of actions by inmates unable to pay. Beck v. Symington, 972 F.Supp. 532, 536 (D.Ariz.1997). Waiver of fees is required only in criminal trials and appeals; generally, waiver in civil suits is not required except when the suit involves a fundamental right and the state maintains a monopoly over settlement of a dispute involving that right. Tahtinen v. Superior Ct., 130 Ariz. 513, 515, 637 P.2d 723, 725 (1981), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1152, 102 S.Ct. 1021, 71 L.Ed.2d 308 (1982). Unless provided for by statute, expenditures by parties in civil proceedings are not recoverable as costs. A.R.S. section 12-341; Ahwatukee Custom Estates Management Ass'n, Inc. v. Bach, 191 Ariz. 87, 90, 952 P.2d 325, 328 (App.1997) (review granted, March 17, 1998).

¶11 Clear statutory language is conclusive unless the legislature clearly expresses an intent to the contrary. Arizona Dep't of Revenue v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 188 Ariz. 441, 444, 937 P.2d 363, 366 (App.1996). We presume that the legislature did not intend to do a futile thing by including in a statute a provision that is inoperative or invalid. City of Mesa v. Killingsworth, 96 Ariz. 290, 294-95, 394 P.2d 410, 413 (1964). This court may examine the development of the statute to help determine the legislative intent. Brodsky v. City of Phoenix Police Dep't Retirement System Bd., 183 Ariz. 92, 95, 900 P.2d 1228, 1231 (App.1995). In construing statutes, appellate courts apply principles of statutory construction. State v. Medrano-Barraza, 190 Ariz. 472, 474, 949 P.2d 561, 563 (App.1997).

¶12 Arizona Revised Statutes section 12-302(L)(2), quoted in the superior court's form, was added to the text of A.R.S. section 12-302 in 1997. See Ariz. Sess. Laws 1997, Ch. 84, § 1. The legislature took the language from former A.R.S. section 12-306(L)(2) (waiver of costs for indigent), which was repealed when A.R.S. section 12-302 was amended, effective January 1, 1998. Section 12-302(L)(2) now provides that neither waiver nor deferral of court fees or costs "shall be granted" for civil actions (other than domestic relations cases) filed by persons "incarcerated as a result of a felony conviction." Section 12-302(N) defines a deferral as "either postponement of an obligation to pay fees or establishment of a schedule for payment of fees."

¶13 Section 12-302(E) is basically former A.R.S. section 12-302(B) with some additions. Section 12-302(E) applies, as did former A.R.S. section 12-302(B), specifically to "an inmate who is confined to a correctional facility operated by the state department of corrections." Unlike former A.R.S. section 12-302(B), however, A.R.S. section 12-302(E) contains language specifying that an inmate "who initiates a civil action or proceeding" is "responsible for the full payment of actual court fees and costs." The remainder of A.R.S. section 12-302(E) provides a method for collecting costs and fees when a civil action is filed by an inmate "and when monies exist." The statute requires a twenty percent initial payment, followed by yearly assessments of twenty percent against any deposits in the inmate's spendable income account until all fees and costs are paid. This method of payment--clearly a deferral--is essentially the same as the method contained in former A.R.S. section 12-302(B), except that A.R.S. section 12-302(E) also specifies who (the "Department of Corrections" or the "Clerk of the Court") is responsible for taking certain steps in the collection process. Both former A.R.S. section 12-302(B) and A.R.S. section 12-302(E) close with the caveat that nothing in either subsection prohibits an inmate from filing a civil case if the inmate cannot pay the filing fees.

¶14 Because persons "confined to a correctional facility operated by the state department of corrections" are normally also persons "incarcerated as the result of a felony conviction," A.R.S. section 12-302(L)(2) seemingly conflicts...

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