J. Norman Geipe, Inc. v. Collett

• Court: Maryland Supreme Court
• Citation: J. Norman Geipe, Inc. v. Collett, 172 Md. 165, 190 A. 836 (Md. 1937)
• Decision Date: 17 March 1937
• Docket Number: 42.
• Parties: J. NORMAN GEIPE, INC., ET AL. v. COLLETT.

190 A. 836

172 Md. 165

J. NORMAN GEIPE, INC., ET AL. v. COLLETT.

No. 42.

Court of Appeals of Maryland

March 17, 1937

Appeal from Baltimore City Court; J. Frank Supplee, Jr., Judge.

Proceeding under the Workmen's Compensation Law by Herbert Collett employee, and claimant, opposed by J. Norman Geipe Incorporated, employer, and Phoenix Indemnity Company insurer. From a judgment reversing an award of the State Industrial Accident Commission denying compensation, the employer and the insurer appeal.

Affirmed.

Argued before BOND, C.J., and URNER, OFFUTT, PARKE, SLOAN, MITCHELL, SHEHAN, and JOHNSON, JJ.

Joseph Townsend England and Julius F. Sandrock, both of Baltimore, for appellants.

Maurice J. Pressman, of Baltimore, (Michael F. Freedman, of Baltimore, on the brief), for appellee.

PARKE Judge.

The J. Norman Geipe, Inc., the employer, and the Ph nix Indemnity Company, its insurer, have appealed from a judgment on appeal which reversed the refusal of the State Industrial Accident Commission to award Herbert Collett, a servant of the employer, compensation for a paralysis which occurred while the servant was, in the course of his employment, driving his master's motortruck. The grounds assigned for the reversal were that there was error in refusing to direct a verdict for the employer, and, if not, a reversal with a new trial should be directed, because there was reversible error in granting the claimant's second and third prayers and in certain rulings on the admissibility of evidence.

The master was engaged in the hauling of freight on the highways of the state by motortrucks. With every truck was the crew of a driver and a helper. The driver drove the truck and assisted the helper in loading and unloading the truck. The servant in this case was a colored man, about fifty years old. He was experienced and had been in the service of his master for more than five years. He drove a loaded motortruck to Wilmington where he spent the night. He started early to return, but stopped at a filling station, where he got gasoline and slept for three or four hours as was his habit.

The claimant offered testimony tending to prove that he arrived in Baltimore about 9 o'clock in the morning and that, as he was driving the truck at a speed of about twelve miles an hour on Monument street, he was following another truck which was a short distance ahead. A man, who was sitting on its tail gate, started, without warning or signal, to get down from this truck, and the claimant, slowing down, pulled sharply to the left, but could not avoid striking the man with the back part of the truck. He did not see the man struck but felt the bump of the blow, and his helper told him he had hit some one. During this accident the claimant became nervous and excited and his hand "gave way" and "was dead" or limp after the man was struck so that he could not use it and apply the hand brake, but he stopped the truck by using his foot on the foot brake. The claimant then slumped over the steering wheel, and was removed from the truck paralyzed and taken to the hospital.

There was other testimony tending to establish that before endeavoring to avoid striking the man suddenly in his way in the street, the claimant was, so far as he knew, in good health, feeling well, and free, until the time of the collision, of all premonitory symptoms of conditions making for paralysis. There was expert testimony to the effect that the claimant had high blood pressure and hardening of the arteries of which he was unaware, and which might have not produced any disabling result for years; but which, because of the excitement of the accident to the man in the street and the claimant's participation in it, had definitely precipitated the break of the blood vessel that caused the cerebral hemorrhage which produced the immediate paralysis.

It is true that the employer gave testimony in rebuttal which contradicted that of the claimant at every material point, but, on the question of the legal sufficiency of the testimony, the court does not determine the truth of the testimony offered on the part of the claimant, but is bound to accept the testimony as correct. So, accepting this testimony at its apparent value, the question is a narrow one. Confessedly, it establishes that the employment was extrahazardous, and that the claimant was an employee engaged, at the happening of the injury, in the course of his master's employment. The further necessary condition of compensation is that the injury received was an accidental personal injury arising out of the employment. Since the injury is the paralysis of the claimant's right side, with its consequential permanent total disability, the inquiry is ultimately whether or not, first, the injury was accidental and, if so, secondly, did it arise out of the employment.

The adjective "accidental" qualifies and describes the injuries contemplated by the statute (Code Pub.Gen.Laws 1924, art. 101, § 1 et seq., as amended) as having the quality or condition of happening or coming by chance or without design, taking place unexpectedly or unintentionally. ^[1] So, if a servant, while at work, suffers or is made ill from natural causes, the state or condition is not accidental since it is a natural result or consequence which is normal, and to be expected. If, however, there is a subsisting condition of illness or incapacity or physical disability which is caused, increased, or accelerated by some act or event coming by chance or happening fortuitously, then the requisite quality or condition of the injury will exist so as to make it accidental. ^[2] Nor is it necessary for the accidental quality or condition to be given or created by wound or external violence, as is illustrated by many instances. ^[3]

If these general rules be applied to the facts admitted by the demurrer prayers on the part of the employer and the insurer, it will be found the injuries suffered were accidental. The physical condition of the claimant was not good. In the opinion of the medical expert who testified in his behalf, the claimant had an excessive blood pressure and premature hardening of the arteries. So, if he had suffered a stroke of paralysis while napping and resting at Wilmington, or while uneventfully driving to Baltimore, a paralysis occurring would have been a natural and probable result of his impaired physical health, and so would have possessed none of the essentials of an accidental happening. Paralysis, as the expert testified, could have been normally expected to happen at any time, yet its actual occurrence might have been long deferred. The disease or malady, however, did not run its natural and anticipated course. The claimant was precipitated into paralysis as the result of an accident.

While driving slowly along the street, without any symptom or indication of physical impairment, a man jumped off the endgate of a truck which was moving in the same lane of travel and a short distance in front of the truck driven by the claimant. The sudden and unexpected action of the man, who gave no signal, made it necessary for the claimant quickly to turn his truck so as to avoid striking the man. He did this, and partly succeeded, but he felt the blow as the end of the truck struck the man, and his helper cried for him to stop, that he had hit a man. Between the beginning of his excitement, when the man jumped in the way of the truck, and the shock of the truck's collision with the man's body, the paralysis happened.

The claimant had the right to assume reasonable care on the part of the rider on the endgate of the truck ahead. The negligence of this party was not to be anticipated by the claimant. So, when the rider put himself in danger, it was an unexpected action which the claimant, in the exercise of reasonable care, was not bound to anticipate. So far as the claimant is concerned, all the elements of unintention, unexpectedness, and happening by chance, concur in making the occurrence an accident in which he was not a witness, but an actor in the accident who was suddenly required quickly to change the course of the truck in an effort to avoid running down a man.

If the driver's efforts to avoid the accident had brought the truck to so quick a stop that he had been...