Jackson v. State

• Decision Date: 15 March 1956
• Docket Number: No. 117,117
• Citation: 121 A.2d 242,209 Md. 390
• Parties: Robert JACKSON v. STATE of Maryland.
• Court: Maryland Court of Appeals

Page 390

209 Md. 390

121 A.2d 242

Robert JACKSON v. STATE of Maryland.

No. 117.

Court of Appeals of Maryland.

March 15, 1956.

Argued by Bennett B. Cockey and James B. Wheatley, Towson, for appellant.

Argued by Stedman Prescott, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen. (C. Ferdinand Sybert, Atty. Gen., John E. Raine, Jr., State's Atty. for Baltimore County and John J. Brennan, Deputy State's Atty. Baltimore Co., Towson, on the brief), for appellee.

Before BRUNE, C. J., and DELAPLAINE, COLLINS, HENDERSON and HAMMOND, JJ.

HENDERSON, Judge.

The appellant was convicted of rape by Judges Michael Paul Smith and Stewart O. Day, sitting without a jury in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County, and sentenced to death. The single question presented on this appeal is whether the court committed reversible error in admitting in evidence a confession by the accused offered by the State.

The evidence presented by the State tended to show that Diana Mary Young, a white female child twelve years of age, was riding her bicycle south on Dulany Valley Road at about 2 P. M. on June 4th, 1955. A young negro, driving a yellow and black Dodge convertible, passed her, parked his car, seized the child, dragged her some distance into the woods, and raped her. He also stabbed her twice with a knife. A witness testified that he saw the car parked by the road, but did not stop. There was strong circumstantial evidence found at the scene of the crime as well as evidence as to various stains upon the garments of the child and the accused, to support the child's story. Medical testimony confirmed it in other particulars. She identified the accused in a police lineup.

The accused did not take the stand, nor did the defense produce any evidence to rebut the State's case. A motion for a directed verdict at the close of the State's case was overruled, but the ruling is not here challenged. The sole objection pressed is as to the ruling admitting the confession.

Preliminary to the offer of the confession, which was made at 10:15 A.M. on June 6th, the State offered in evidence certain questions put to the appellant and his answers thereto, taken down by Mr. Bernard Danker, a court stenographer, at 11:50 A.M. on June 6th, 1955, in the office of the State's Attorney. Sergeant Bosley and the State's Attorney were also present. The appellant stated that he had been arrested on the afternoon of Saturday, June 4th by Officers Zimmerman and Baetz, and placed in a police car. 'They took my clothes off, and put a blanket around me, * * * these two wanted me to tell them what happened, and I didn't tell them, and this one [Officer Baetz] was--he kept hitting me, and had my nose bleeding * * * and took a blackjack, and hit me over the head * * *.' He was taken to the police station and later to the Baltimore County Jail. While at the police station another officer tried to 'hit my head up against the wall, and he was tramping on my toes.' He was examined by a doctor at the Baltimore County Jail. He talked to Sergeant Bosley and to Officer Baetz on Monday morning, June 6th. He told Sergeant Bosley what to write, and he signed a statement, but didn't read it. Sergeant Bosley did not promise him anything or threaten him. The statement he made to Sergeant Bosley was true. The only reason he gave the statement to Sergeant Bosley was because 'I had it on my chest, so I just might as well tell it and get it over with.' He decided to tell the police the truth about the matter 'last night'. Mr. Danker testified that during the course of this interrogation, the accused 'was very calm, very composed'.

The State did not produce Officer Baetz as a witness, although he was in court. The doctor who had examined Jackson was not called. Officer Zimmerman testified that he drove Officer Baetz and the accused, after his arrest, to the police station. Baetz was in the back with the prisoner, questioning him. He didn't know what was said. Sergeant Bosley testified he heard Officer Zimmerman say something about a blackjack on the way to the police station. 'I don't know what was said. I heard there was something said about a blackjack but I don't understand what it was.'

In the course of argument to the court, that the evidence showed the confession was voluntary, the State's Attorney said: '* * * suppose Baetz did do it; it doesn't make any difference, because this man [the accused] said in a calm atmosphere, where he was composed, that that didn't have anything to do with his confession.' The court remarked: '* * * even if the Court understood it was true that [that] happened * * * it does not show any inducement or reason for this defendant making this statement, under the circumstances of this case * * * we will admit the statement and give you an exception.'

It is well settled that in Maryland the burden of establishing the voluntary character of a confession rests upon the State. The State must show 'that no force or coercion was exercised by the officers obtaining the confession, to cause the accused to confess.' Linkins v. State, 202 Md. 212, 222, 96 A.2d 246, 251. See also Glover v. State, 202 Md. 522, 525, 97 A.2d 321, and Cooper v. State, 205 Md. 162, 168, 106 A.2d 129. In practice, the State has almost invariably attempted to meet the burden by calling all persons who had the prisoner in charge. For example, in Day v. State, 196 Md. 384, 398, 76 A.2d 729, 735, it was said: 'In the case before us, nineteen witnesses, seventeen of whom were police officers, one of whom was a stenographer and one an assistant state's attorney, who were all the persons in official positions who had custody of, or contact with, the appellants between the time when they were first arrested and the time when the final confessions were obtained, all testified that they did not, during the period when they were in contact with the appellants, use any violence on them or either of them, make them or either of them any promises or inducements, offer them or either of them any immunity, nor did anyone else in their presence do any of these things.' Wigmore states that 'A threat of corporal violence is the clearest case of an inducement that excludes the confession.' 3 Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed.), § 833. See also Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278, 56 S.Ct. 461, 80 L.Ed. 682, and the cases collected in a Note 24 A.L.R. 703. In Cranor v. Gonzales, 9 Cir., 226 F.2d 83, 88, Circuit Judge Pope said: 'Physical violence or threat of it automatically invalidates confessions and in such cases 'there is no need to weigh or measure its effects on the will of the individual victim", citing Stein v. New York, 346 U.S. 156, 182, 73 S.Ct. 1077, 97 L.Ed. 1522. In James v. State, 193 Md. 31, 38, 65 A.2d 888, Judge Markell took occasion to discuss the broader approach to the question of police misconduct in the recent English cases, and in the Federal courts, and found no basis for a claim of 'psychological torture' in that case. He noted, however, that there was no claim of physical coercion, and remarked 193 Md. at page 42, 65 A.2d at page 892, that 'Even the most brutal physical torture * * * usually produces a confession, not during the actual torture but afterwards through fear of repetition.'

In the instant case the testimony produced by the State showed that after his arrest the prisoner was subjected to the physical indignity of being stripped of all his clothing at a time when it was quite unnecessary to do so for purposes of analysis. Cf. Malinski v. New York, 324 U.S. 401, 403, 65 S.Ct. 781, 89 L.Ed. 1029. He was beaten by Officer Baetz until his nose bled, and hit over the head with a blackjack. Later, at the police station, an officer hit his head against the wall and trod on his toes. The State did not call the officers to deny these charges. The testimony produced by the State further showed that Officer Baetz, who was specifically charged with beating the prisoner, was present when he confessed two days later. In fact, the written confession was witnessed by Officer Baetz. Sergeant Bosley, who wrote down the confession, admitted hearing something about a blackjack. We think the inference is...