Jackson v. United Parcel Serv. Inc.

• Decision Date: 17 August 2011
• Docket Number: No. 10–1440.,10–1440.
• Citation: 643 F.3d 1081,112 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 1094
• Parties: Jeanette JACKSON, Appellant,v.UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC., Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

643 F.3d 1081

112 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 1094

94 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 44,218

Jeanette JACKSON, Appellant,

v.UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC., Appellee.

No. 10–1440.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: Sept. 20, 2010.Filed: July 5, 2011.Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied Aug. 17, 2011.

Sheila Flo Campbell, argued, Little Rock, AR, for appellant.John J. Park, argued, Michael J. Rusie, on the brief, Nashville, TN, for appellee.Before GRUENDER, BRIGHT, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

Jeanette Jackson appeals the district court's ¹ adverse grant of summary judgment in her employment discrimination action against United Parcel Service, Inc. (UPS) brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e. We affirm.

I.

Since 1985, Jackson has been employed by UPS in several capacities, including part-time employee in the package center (also known as the “hub”), package car driver, and air combo driver. Since 2006, she has been employed in a feeder driver position, which involves transporting UPS packages on a large tractor trailer. In this action, Jackson raised claims of discrimination and retaliation based on promotion decisions made by UPS in 2004, 2005, and 2007.

An explanation of the two different promotion processes used by UPS is helpful to understanding Jackson's claims. In 2004 and 2005, UPS used an “Opt–In” promotion process. Under this scheme, an employee interested in a promotion as a full-time supervisor was required to submit a “letter of intent” to UPS indicating interest. A promotion packet would then be sent to the employee's direct manager. The direct manager was responsible for returning the completed promotion packet to UPS's district human resources department. If the direct manager did not return a completed packet, the employee would not advance in the promotion process.

Upon return of the completed packet, the employee would take an objective test. If the employee passed the test, the employee would advance to a panel interview during which members of management would ask the employee standardized questions. If the employee received a passing score on the panel interview, the employee would be placed in the “ready-now pool” of potential candidates for full-time supervisory positions. When a position opened, the hiring manager, district human resources manager, and applicable division manager would consider “ready-now” candidates for the open position based on relevant work history and other job-related factors. The hiring manager would make the final hiring decision.

In 2006, UPS adopted the Management Assessment Promotion Process (MAPP) for selecting employees for promotion to full-time supervisory positions. As with the Opt–In system, employees were required to submit a letter of intent. The employee's manager would complete an “initial assessment,” and if the employee received a passing score on the initial assessment, the employee would take a standardized “Applicant Profile” test (AP test). In order to pass the AP test, the employee had to obtain a score of two or more on a scale of one to five. Employees who passed the AP test were administered an “In Box” written exam. Upon passing the written exam, the employee underwent a panel interview, similar to the one used in the Opt–In process. If the employee received a passing score on the interview, the employee would be placed in a pool of candidates to be considered for promotion to full-time supervisory positions.

In 2004, Jackson's direct manager was Tom Raines. Despite the fact that Jackson submitted a letter of intent to be promoted, as she had each year since 1988, Raines failed to complete the promotion packet for Jackson in 2004 as required under the Opt–In system for further processing of Jackson's request for promotion. Although Jackson had previously taken and passed the objective test, Jackson never proceeded to the panel interview phase because the promotion packet was not returned by Raines.

UPS promoted Virginia Fry, a white female, and Christopher Lee, a white male, to positions as full-time supervisors in the hub in 2004. Jackson maintains that she is similarly situated to these individuals and should have received one of the promotions. In 2005, UPS promoted Sherry Grinder, a white female, from the position of full-time supervisor to a manager position. Although Jackson has since conceded that she does not qualify for the manager position because she was never a full-time supervisor, she now argues that the district court should have considered other promotion decisions UPS made in 2005 under the continuing violation doctrine.

In 2007, under the MAPP promotion system, Paul Hall, Jackson's manager at that time, did not give Jackson a passing score on the initial assessment. Thus, Jackson did not advance through the MAPP system and was not considered for a promotion opportunity. Jackson claims that Hall did not give her a passing score in retaliation for her prior EEOC complaints and a prior lawsuit involving actions taken by Hall.

Jackson initiated two actions: the first challenging the promotion decisions in 2004 and 2005 and the second claiming Hall retaliated against her in 2007 when he gave her a failing score on the initial assessment. The district court consolidated the lawsuits, and Jackson filed a Second Amended Complaint consolidating her claims from both actions. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of UPS on all claims. It held, as relevant to this appeal, that Jackson was not similarly situated to Fry or Lee, Jackson failed to challenge any promotion from 2005 other than that of Grinder, and Jackson did not allege that Hall knew about any protected activity in 2007 or allege that the score she received from Hall was causally connected to any protected activity. Jackson appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment on her race and sex discrimination claims for 2004, race discrimination claim for 2005, and retaliation claim for 2007.

II.

We have recently clarified the appropriate standard for consideration of motions for summary judgment, including those filed in employment discrimination cases, as follows:

Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The movant bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and must identify those portions of the record which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. If the movant does so, the nonmovant must respond by submitting evidentiary materials that set out specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. On a motion for summary judgment, facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party only if there is a genuine dispute as to those facts. Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge. The nonmovant must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts, and must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue for trial.

Torgerson v. City of Rochester, 643 F.3d 1031, 1042 (8th Cir.2011) (en banc) (citations and quotations omitted). Our review of a district court's grant of summary judgment is de novo. Id.

Absent proof of direct evidence of discriminatory motive, a discrimination action is analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, and the claim proceeds in three stages. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–05, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). First, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of discrimination. Id. at 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817. Second, the defendant may rebut the prima facie case by articulating a non-discriminatory rationale for its action. Texas Dep't of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254–55, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981). Third, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant's proffered rationale was merely pretext for discrimination. Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 143, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000).

To establish a prima facie case of race or sex discrimination in a failure-to-promote claim, a plaintiff must show that: “(1) she is a member of a protected group; (2) she was qualified and applied for a promotion to an available position; (3) she was rejected; and (4) similarly situated employees, not part of the protected group, were promoted instead.” Shannon v. Ford Motor Co., 72 F.3d 678, 682 (8th Cir.1996). Failure to formally apply for a position does not bar a plaintiff from establishing a prima facie case, as long as the plaintiff “made every reasonable attempt to convey [her] interest in the job to the employer.” Chambers v. Wynne Sch. Dist., 909 F.2d 1214, 1217 (8th Cir.1990) (quotation omitted).

A.

With respect to the 2004 promotion decisions, Jackson argues that the district court erred in determining that she was not similarly situated to Fry or Lee. First, Jackson maintains that the failure to have a completed application packet should not disqualify her from being considered similarly situated because UPS knew of her interest in a promotion. Second, she argues that UPS's rationale for promoting Fry and Lee—that each had prior part-time supervisory experience in the hub—was merely pretext for discrimination because Jackson would be equally qualified after attending training for the position upon promotion.

To be similarly situated, Jackson needed to show that she was “considered a viable candidate[ ] for the...