Jenkins v. Tandy Corp.

• Decision Date: 24 June 1987
• Citation: 738 P.2d 985,86 Or.App. 133
• Parties: In the Matter of the Compensation of Leonard V. Jenkins, Claimant. Leonard V. JENKINS, Petitioner, v. The TANDY CORP. and CNA Insurance, Respondents. WCB 85-07550; CA A40502.
• Court: Oregon Court of Appeals

Page 985

738 P.2d 985

86 Or.App. 133

In the Matter of the Compensation of Leonard V. Jenkins, Claimant.

Leonard V. JENKINS, Petitioner, v. The TANDY CORP. and CNA Insurance, Respondents.

WCB 85-07550; CA A40502.

Court of Appeals of Oregon.

Argued and Submitted April 10, 1987.

Decided June 24, 1987.

Benton Flaxel, North Bend, argued the cause and submitted brief, for petitioner.

Jerald P. Keene, Portland, argued the cause for respondents. With him on brief, was Roberts, Reinisch & Klor, P.C., Portland.

Before WARDEN, P.J., JOSEPH, C.J., ^* and VAN HOOMISSEN, J.

VAN HOOMISSEN, Judge.

Claimant seeks review of a Workers' Compensation Board order that affirmed employer's denial of his injury claim. The issue is whether claimant's injury is work-related. ORS 656.005(8)(a); see Rogers v. SAIF, 289 Or. 633, 616 P.2d 485 (1980). On de novo review, ORS 656.298, we reverse.

Claimant worked as a salesman and manager of the computer department of employer's store located in the North Bend Shopping Center. ¹ The stores in the shopping center are arranged in an "L" shape and front on a large parking lot owned and maintained by the shopping center operator. The parking lot fronts on a public highway. Customers and employes of the shopping center's tenants use the parking lot. Claimant and his co-workers customarily parked in a certain part of the parking lot, approximately 100 feet from employer's premises. They were not required to park there or in the lot at all. Employer did not designate any particular place for its employes to park, but it did specify that they not park in the spaces closest to its store so that those spaces would be available for its customers. The nearest alternative public parking area outside the shopping center was about three blocks away.

Employer required claimant to have his personal car available at work to make calls to the homes and businesses of its customers three or four times a week and to make deliveries to the bank or mail box two or three times a week after work. Claimant was paid a commission on sales and usually worked a 56-hour week, for which he was paid an hourly rate. He did not receive reimbursement from employer for driving to and from work. He was reimbursed for use of his car, however, when he billed employer for the service calls that he made which were a part of his job. He would sign in on a time card when he arrived at work and sign out when he left work at the end of the day.

On November 10, 1985, claimant left work about an hour after closing time intending to go to his car and drive directly home. He had worked late doing some job-related paper work and he had signed out on his time card. ² After locking the front door of employer's store, he proceeded directly toward his car, which was parked in its customary location. He had taken just a few steps from the employer's front door, when he was struck by a car driven by a customer of one of the shopping center's other tenants and was injured. ³

The referee upheld employer's denial, explaining, in relevant part:

"The question of whether an injury occurring in a shopping center parking lot, over which the employer has no evidence of control, would be compensable has not been answered in Oregon. Many other jurisdictions have found such claims to be compensable. See Montgomery Ward v. Cutter, 64 OrApp759, 669 P2d 1181 (1983).

"In the instant matter there is no evidence the claimant was required to park in any specific area of the lot. There is no evidence that the employer had any type of control over the lot or responsibility for its maintenance. The claimant had finished work for the day and was on his way home. He did not intend to run any errands for the employer on his way home.

"The claimant was required to have a car available to him for his use to call on customers, as necessary, for the employer; however, I do not believe this to be a sufficient basis upon which to hold the employer responsible for the injury which occurred after work hours in an area over which the employer had no control."

Claimant argues that his claim is compensable under the unitary work-connection approach to the statutory requirement that, to be compensable, an accidental injury must arise out of and in the course of employment. See Rogers v. SAIF, supra, 289 Or. at 642-44, 616 P.2d 485. Under that test, several factors are to be examined in the light of the facts of the case to see if the injury has a sufficient work relationship. If the injury has sufficient work relationship, then it arises out of and in the course of employment and the statute is satisfied. ⁴

Generally, injuries sustained by employes when going to and coming from their regular places of work are not compensable. Heide/Parker v. T.C.I. Incorporated, 264 Or. 535, 539, 506 P.2d 486 (1973); Philpott v. State Ind. Acc. Com., 234 Or. 37, 40, 379 P.2d 1010 (1963); Adamson v. The Dalles Cherry Growers, Inc., 54 Or.App. 52, 56, 633 P.2d 1316 (1981). There are exceptions, however, to that general rule. If an employe, as part of his job, is required to bring his own car to work for use during his working day, his trip to and from work is, by that fact alone, embraced within the course of employment. See Giltner v. Commodore Con. Carriers, 14 Or.App. 340, 347, 513 P.2d 541 (1973); Casper v. SAIF, 13 Or.App. 464, 471-73, 511 P.2d 451 (1973); 1 Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law, supra n. 1. In Smith v. Workmen's Comp. App. Bd., 69 Cal.2d 814, 73 Cal.Rptr. 253, 447 P.2d 365 (1968), Justice Tobriner explained that the modern trend of the cases sanctions recovery in such situations.

"Surely in this day of a highly motorized society we cannot cast the going and coming rule as a protective cloak over the shoulders of the employer who, for his own advantage, demands that the employee furnish the car on the job. Smith's obligation reached out beyond the employer's premises, and, in driving his car to and from them, he did no more than...