Jimenz Puig v. Avis Rent-A-Car System

• Decision Date: 24 April 1978
• Docket Number: No. 77-1491,RENT-A-CAR,77-1491
• Parties: Dr. Gabriel JIMENEZ PUIG, Plaintiff, Appellee, v. AVISSYSTEM, Defendant, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 37

574 F.2d 37

Dr. Gabriel JIMENEZ PUIG, Plaintiff, Appellee, v. AVIS RENT-A-CAR SYSTEM, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 77-1491.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Argued Feb. 15, 1978.

Decided April 24, 1978.

Rafael Perez-Bachs, San Juan, P. R., with whom McConnell, Valdes, Kelley, Sifre, Griggs & Ruiz-Suria, San Juan, P. R., was on brief, for defendant, appellant.

Jorge Luis Ortiz Viera, Hato Rey, P. R., with whom Ciro A. Betancourt and Pernas, Betancourt & De La Torre, Santurce, P. R., were on brief, for plaintiff, appellee.

Before CAMPBELL, BOWNES and MOORE, ^** Circuit Judges.

LEVIN H. CAMPBELL, Circuit Judge.

The plaintiff, Dr. Gabriel Jimenez Puig, a citizen of Puerto Rico, brought the present action under the diversity jurisdiction of the district court against Avis Rent-A-Car System (Avis). His complaint alleged that in October 1975 he flew to Dulles Airport in Virginia. At Dulles he went to the Avis counter to arrange for the rental of a car he had reserved:

"Upon arrival . . . Plaintiff presented his (credit) card at the Avis counter and much to his surprise, the clerk attending the counter at Dulles Airport, instead of delivering a motor vehicle to Plaintiff, took his credit card and in front of the counter at that time, tore the card and informed him that his credit was cancelled, because he did not pay his bills. . . .

"(D)efendant kept on harassing and requesting payment from Plaintiff after October 1975, to the extent that on December his account was sent to Dunn & Bradstereet Inc. (sic), which is a Nationwide Collection Agency. . . ."

Plaintiff alleged that his account was in fact fully paid up and that he suffered mental anguish because of the false accusations at Dulles which were made in the presence of various persons including acquaintances. He also claimed to have suffered mental anguish as a result of his account having been turned over wrongfully to a collection agency. Plaintiff also alleged, without elaboration, that "his credit has been damaged" as a result of these incidents and asked for $15,000 in damages.

Avis failed to answer the complaint and was defaulted on the issue of liability. Some months later, Avis appeared and contested the issues of subject matter jurisdiction and sufficiency of service of process. After a trial to the court limited to the issue of damages, the court awarded plaintiff $2,500. Avis' appeal challenges the award as excessive. It also claims that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction in that plaintiff failed to plead the second prong of Avis' citizenship, its state of incorporation. Avis also renews its claim that the district court never obtained personal jurisdiction of it due to defective service of process. We do not reach these issues ¹ inasmuch as we conclude that there was never $10,000 in controversy and that the district court for that reason lacked diversity jurisdiction. See Williams v. Rogers, 449 F.2d 513, 518 (8th Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 926, 92 S.Ct. 976, 30 L.Ed.2d 799 (1972); Kern v. Standard Oil Co., 228 F.2d 699, 701 (8th Cir. 1956); Walmac Co. v. Isaacs, 280 F.2d 108, 111 (1st Cir. 1955).

In Saint Paul Mercury Indemnity Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 288-89, 58 S.Ct. 586, 590, 82 L.Ed. 845 (1938), the Court set out what remain the controlling principles guiding a determination of whether or not an action meets the jurisdictional amount:

"The rule governing dismissal for want of jurisdiction in cases brought in the federal court is that, unless the law gives a different rule, the sum claimed by the plaintiff controls if the claim is apparently made in good faith. It must appear to a legal certainty that the claim is really for less than the jurisdictional amount to justify dismissal. The inability of plaintiff to recover an amount adequate to give the court jurisdiction does not show his bad faith or oust the jurisdiction. . . . But if, from the face of the pleadings, it is apparent, to a legal certainty, that the plaintiff cannot recover the amount claimed, or if, from the proofs, the court is satisfied to a like certainty that the plaintiff never was entitled to recover that amount, and that his claim was therefore colorable for the purpose of conferring jurisdiction, the suit will be dismissed." (Emphasis supplied.)

Whether on the face of this complaint the facts pleaded could ever be construed to support a finding of $10,000 or more in damages is debatable. Plaintiff pleaded no malice or other extenuating circumstances which might entitle him to punitive damages. ² Cf. James v. Lusby, 162 U.S.App.D.C. 352, 357, 499 F.2d 488, 493 (1974). His assertions of mental anguish and damage to his credit rating are conclusory at best. However, we need not decide this question for the "proofs" adduced at trial conclusively show that plaintiff never had a claim even arguably within the $10,000 range. See Saint Paul Mercury Indemnity Co., supra; Williams v. Township of Nottawa, 104 U.S. (14 Otto) 209, 211, 26 L.Ed. 719 (U.S.1881); Randall v. Goldmark, 495 F.2d 356, 360-61 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 879, 95 S.Ct. 144, 42 L.Ed.2d 119 (1974); James v. Lusby, supra; Panama Transport Co. v. Greenberg, 290 F.2d 125, 126 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 891, 82 S.Ct. 143, 7 L.Ed.2d 88 (1961). Compare Emland Builders, Inc. v. Shea, 359 F.2d 927, 930 (10th Cir. 1966); Seth v. British Overseas Airways Corp., 329 F.2d 302, 305-06 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 858, 85 S.Ct. 114, 13 L.Ed.2d 61 (1964).

Plaintiff's testimony and the exhibits introduced at trial establish that Dr. Jimenez was wrongly told by Avis' employee at the counter at Dulles Airport that his credit was bad and that his card would have to be confiscated. The employee thereupon ripped the card in two in the presence of Dr. Jimenez, several of his fellow dentists from Puerto Rico and strangers. The Avis employee then required Dr. Jimenez to produce other credit cards before she would rent him a car. She checked the validity of his other credit cards carefully, a process which plaintiff testified took two hours. During this time he testified that he felt humiliated, embarrassed and angry. He stated that he felt angry for three days thereafter.

Apart from this evidence there is almost a complete lack of proof showing that Avis' wrongdoing caused anything more than momentary embarrassment and humiliation. A single dunning letter from Avis' collection agency, dated December 1975, was introduced. It politely requested payment of the apparently overdue account. No evidence established that plaintiff was harassed by the collection agency or Avis or that his credit rating was in any way adversely affected by Avis' mistake.

A federal court sitting in diversity must apply the choice of law rules of the forum state. Day & Zimmermann, Inc. v. Challoner, 423 U.S. 3, 96 S.Ct. 167, 46 L.Ed.2d 3 (1975); Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Manufacturing Co., 313 U.S. 487, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941). Puerto Rico applies the law of the place of the tort, the lex loci delicti. DeVane v. United States, 259 F.Supp. 18, 20 (D.P.R.1966). Virginia law therefore applies in this case.

In a case of ordinary slander such as that involved in the present case, Virginia law provides for the award of both punitive and actual damages. However, punitive damages are not to be awarded absent a showing of malice by the defendant or some form of egregious...