Johnson v. Com.

• Decision Date: 31 March 2009
• Docket Number: Record No. 2309-07-2.
• Citation: 674 S.E.2d 541,53 Va. App. 608
• Parties: Raymond Mynois JOHNSON v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia,
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals

674 S.E.2d 541

53 Va. App. 608

Raymond Mynois JOHNSON v.COMMONWEALTH of Virginia,

Record No. 2309-07-2.

Court of Appeals of Virginia, Richmond.

March 31, 2009.

Jason Moore for appellant.

Robert H. Anderson, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General(Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Present: BEALES, POWELL and CLEMENTS, JJ.

POWELL, Judge.

Raymond Mynois Johnson("Johnson") appeals his conviction for failure to register as a sex offender, in violation of Code§ 18.2-472.1.¹Johnson argues that the trial court erred in finding that his prior convictions in North Carolina required him to register as a sex offender in Virginia.Specifically, Johnson contends that the North Carolina crimes of aiding and abetting a second-degree rape and aiding and abetting a second-degree sex offense are not substantially similar to any corresponding Virginia crimes as delineated in Code§ 9.1-902.Additionally, Johnson argues that, even if we find the crimes are substantially similar, a conviction for aiding and abetting does not require registration.For the reasons that follow, we affirm the decision of the trial court.

BACKGROUND

In 1995, Johnson was convicted in North Carolina of aiding and abetting a second-degree rape and aiding and abetting a second-degree sex offense.He was sentenced to twenty (20) years in prison.Other than incarceration, the trial court did not place any other restrictions, prohibitions, or requirements on Johnson.Johnson was released from prison in 2003 and subsequently moved to Virginia.

Upon moving to Virginia, Johnson failed to register as a sex offender as required under Virginia's Sex Offender and Crimes Against Minors Registry Act (the "Act").He was indicted on October 19, 2006 by a Petersburg grand jury for failure to register or re-register as a sex offender having previously been convicted of a sexually violent offense, a Class 6 felony.On November 29, 2006, he pled not guilty to the crime of failure to register as a sex offender after having been convicted of a sexually violent offense.

At trial, Johnson argued that no Virginia statute was "substantially similar" to the North Carolina statutes under which he was convicted, therefore he was not required to register under Code§ 9.1-902.The trial court disagreed and found that the corresponding Virginia statutes were substantially similar to those under which Johnson was convicted.Johnson was subsequently convicted of failure to register as a sex offender and sentenced to five years, with three years and six months suspended.

ANALYSIS

The issue on appeal is whether Johnson was required to register as a sex offender under Code§ 9.1-902.Johnson argues that the North Carolina statute under which he was convicted is not so "substantially similar" to the Virginia statutes as to require registration and that Virginia law does not require people convicted as principals in the second degree to register as sex offenders.These are questions of law that involve the interpretation and application of Code§ 9.1-902andCode§ 18.2-472.1 and thus we review the trial court's judgment de novo.Colbert v. Commonwealth,47 Va.App. 390, 394, 624 S.E.2d 108, 110(2006);Rollins v. Commonwealth,37 Va.App. 73, 79, 554 S.E.2d 99, 102(2001).

" `The proper course [in this case as in all cases of statutory construction] is to search out and follow the true intent of the legislature, and to adopt that sense of the words which harmonizes best with the context, and promotes in the fullest manner the apparent policy and objects of the legislature.'"Colbert,47 Va.App. at 394, 624 S.E.2d at 110(quotingJones v. Rhea,130 Va. 345, 372, 107 S.E. 814, 823(1921)).

The General Assembly enacted the Act to "assist the efforts of law-enforcement agencies and others to protect their communities and families from repeat sex offenders and to protect children from becoming victims of criminal offenders by helping to prevent such individuals from being allowed to work directly with children."Code§ 9.1-900;seeColbert,47 Va.App. at 395-96, 624 S.E.2d at 111.To further this objective, the General Assembly decreed that the provisions in the Act are to be construed liberally to effect the purpose of the Act.Code § 9.1-920.

Johnson argues, and the Commonwealth does not disagree, that of the three circumstances under which one is required to register as a sex offender, there are two that are not at issue here.The first is if one is convicted in Virginia of a crime delineated in Code§ 9.1-902; the second is if one is convicted of any offense for which registration in a sex offender and crimes against minors registry is required under the laws of the jurisdiction where the offender was convicted.SeeCode§ 9.1-902.We agree.

Thus, Johnson focuses his argument on the remaining circumstance under which one is required to register as a sex offender in Virginia: a conviction in another state of an offense similar to an offense requiring registration in Virginia.Johnson's argument relies heavily upon the language of Code§§ 9.1-902(A)² and 18.2-472.1.

Similar vs. Substantially Similar

Johnson argues that, in order to be convicted under Code§ 18.2-472.1, the North Carolina statutes under which he was convicted, must be "substantially similar" to the corresponding Virginia statute which requires registration under the Act.The Commonwealth, on the other hand, contends that the language of Code§ 9.1-902 controls, requiring only that the North Carolina statutes be "similar" to the corresponding Virginia statute.

When interpreting a statute, courts"are required to `ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature,' which is usually self-evident from the statutory language."Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. v. Interactive Return Serv.,271 Va. 304, 309, 626 S.E.2d 436, 438(2006)(quotingChase v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.,266 Va. 544, 547, 587 S.E.2d 521, 522(2003)).Furthermore, "[w]hen the language in a statute is clear and unambiguous, [this Court] appl[ies]the statute according to its plain language."Id.(citingHCA Health Servs. v. Levin,260 Va. 215, 220, 530 S.E.2d 417, 419-20(2000)).Likewise, "[w]hen the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous, we are bound by the plain meaning of that statutory language."Lee County v. Town of St. Charles,264 Va. 344, 348, 568 S.E.2d 680, 682(2002)(citingIndustrial Dev. Auth. v. Board of Supervisors,263 Va. 349, 353, 559 S.E.2d 621, 623(2002);Cummings v. Fulghum,261 Va. 73, 77, 540 S.E.2d 494, 496(2001)).

We recognize that the distinction between "similar" and "substantially similar" may be slight.However, when different words are used in a statute, each must be given its own meaning if possible.As we do not find the two statutes—Code§§ 9.1-902 and 18.2-472.1 —to either be in conflict or ambiguous, we need only determine the plain meaning of each term in order to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the General Assembly.

"Similar" is defined as "having characteristics in common" or "alike in substance or essentials."Webster's Third New International Dictionary 2120 (1993)."Substantial," on the other hand, is defined as "of or relating to the main part of something."Id. at 2280.These definitions, combined with the common usage of the phrase, establish that two things are "substantially similar" if they have common core characteristics or are largely alike in substance or essentials.

Johnson's argument confuses the language which defines who must register under Code§ 9.1-902, with the language used to enhance the punishment for one who is convicted of a second or subsequent offense for failing to register or re-register under Code§ 18.2-472.1.A plain reading of Code§ 9.1-902 clearly indicates that in order for someone convicted in another jurisdiction to be required to register under the Act, the offense for which he was convicted need only be "similar" to an offense listed in the Act.The "substantially similar" language of Code§ 18.2-472.1, on the other hand, requires an analysis of the registration laws of another jurisdiction to determine if one is subject to enhanced punishment for a conviction for failing to register or re-register.Code§ 18.2-472.1 does not contemplate the original offense requiring registration as a sex offender.We conclude that the language of Code§ 9.1-902 is unambiguous and requires registration if the statute under which Johnson was convicted is "similar" to a Virginia statute that would require registration, notwithstanding any limitations Code§ 18.2-472.1 might place on enhanced punishment (an issue that is not before us today).

Similarity of the Statutes

In Virginia, a person convicted of rape is required to register under the Act.Code§ 9.1-902(B).³The North Carolina statute under which Johnson was convicted defines second-degree rape more narrowly than the Virginia rape statute.North Carolina law states that

[a] person is guilty of rape in the second degree if the person engages in vaginal intercourse with another person: (1)[b]y force and against the will of the other person; or (2)[w]ho is mentally defective, mentally incapacitated, or physically helpless, and the person performing the act knows or should reasonably know the other person is mentally defective, mentally incapacitated, or physically helpless.

General Statutes of North Carolina § 14-27.3.

The corresponding Virginia law states that a person is guilty of rape if he

has sexual intercourse⁴ with a complaining witness, whether or not his or her spouse, or causes a complaining witness, whether or not his or her spouse, to engage in sexual intercourse with any other person and such act is accomplished (i) against the complaining witness's will, by force, threat or intimidation of or against the complaining witness or another person; or (ii) through the use of the complaining witness's mental incapacity or physical...