Johnson v. Miller

• Decision Date: 07 June 1982
• Docket Number: No. 81-2486,81-2486
• Citation: 680 F.2d 39
• Parties: Sharon M. JOHNSON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Officer J. MILLER, Officer Bruce Sutcliff and First National Bank of Chicago, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 39

680 F.2d 39

Sharon M. JOHNSON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Officer J. MILLER, Officer Bruce Sutcliff and First National Bank of Chicago, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 81-2486.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

Argued April 12, 1982.

Decided June 7, 1982.

Frederic M. Ellis, Jr., Chicago, Ill., for appellant.

Michael J. Gallagher, Cassiday, Schade & Gloor, Dorothy F. French, French & Rogers, Mildred F. Haggerty, Dejong, Poltrock & Giampietro, Chicago, Ill., for appellee.

Before BAUER, Circuit Judge, GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judge, ^* and POSNER, Circuit Judge.

POSNER, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal from an order of the district court dismissing, for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), Sharon Johnson's complaint, based on 42 U.S.C. § 1983, against two Illinois police officers, Miller and Sutcliff, and the First National Bank of Chicago.

The complaint alleges that someone named Anette Jenkins used Miss Johnson's name and her savings account at the First National Bank to defraud the bank. The bank caught Jenkins, and though it knew or should have known that she was not Miss Johnson filed a criminal complaint against Miss Johnson and gave her address to the police. A warrant for her arrest was issued, and on December 18, 1980, officer Miller came to her home and arrested her. The warrant was in Miss Johnson's name but the description on the warrant was of a black female, five foot seven and weighing 172 pounds, born February 5, 1951, and Miss Johnson is a five-foot-five white, born May 2, 1951. She was taken to the police station and detained there for two and a half hours, fingerprinted, charged with the criminal offense of deceptive practices, and forced to post bond to gain her freedom.

A preliminary hearing was held on January 12, 1981, at which Miss Johnson told the judge that she was the wrong person and the judge entered an order stating, "wrong defendant warrant to reissue." Although Miss Johnson had informed the First National Bank several days before the hearing that she had been falsely arrested, the bank neither appeared at the January 12 hearing nor withdrew its criminal complaint against her.

The warrant was reissued. The new warrant was identical to the old except that it showed Miss Johnson's correct birthdate. Officer Sutcliff, though he had knowledge of the previous service of the warrant on Miss Johnson, came to her house and arrested her, and she was put through the same routine at the police station as before. A second preliminary hearing was held on February 18, 1981, at which she was again discharged. As a result of all this Miss Johnson has incurred legal expenses, a loss of wages, and humiliation.

The question is whether these facts, if true (at this stage they are, of course, only allegations), state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against any of the defendants. Clearly they do not against the bank, because it was not acting under color of state law. To file a criminal complaint with the police is the act of a private citizen. To fail to withdraw the complaint when the complainant finds out that it is groundless is reprehensible and may well violate state tort law but it does not alter the private character of the complainant. No conspiracy between the bank and the officers is alleged; and while the plaintiff's appeal brief states that the complaint alleges "the consort of action necessary to bring a private entity under the purview of" section 1983, in fact no "consort" is alleged beyond the filing of the original complaint and the failure to withdraw it. If that is enough to bring the bank within the reach of section 1983, the statute potentially covers all private dealings with the police.

The plaintiff argues that even if the bank's conduct is not actionable under section 1983, the claim against the bank should be retained in federal court under the doctrines of pendent or ancillary jurisdiction. We need not decide what if anything survives of pendent party jurisdiction in this circuit after Hixon v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 671 F.2d 1005, 1007-09 (7th Cir. 1982) (Hixon was a diversity, this is a federal-question, case). Since the complaint fails to allege that the bank violated state law, there is no pendent or ancillary state law claim.

The difficult issue in the case is whether the complaint states a claim against one or both of the arresting officers. We begin with officer Miller, who arrested Miss Johnson the first time.

If an arrest warrant is valid on its face, its execution against the person named in the warrant does not violate the Fourth Amendment even if, because someone has made a mistake, the person named in the warrant is not the person whom the authorities intended to arrest. See Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 143-44, 99 S.Ct. 2689, 2694, 61 L.Ed.2d 433 (1979) (dictum); Johnson v. City of St. Paul, 634 F.2d 1146 (8th Cir. 1980); Smith v. Gonzales, 670 F.2d 522, 526 (5th Cir. 1982). This case, however, is distinguishable because of the discrepancy between the description in the warrant and the appearance of the person named in the warrant and arrested by the officer executing it. We have to decide whether such a discrepancy shows, at least prima facie, that the arresting officer violated the arrested person's constitutional rights.

We think not. Section 1983 is a tort statute. It punishes wrongful conduct. There is no allegation that Miller intentionally or even negligently, or otherwise wrongfully, deprived Miss Johnson of her liberty or property, and we will not infer wrongfulness from a mere discrepancy in the description. Those responsible for the discrepancy may be liable, see Powe v. City of Chicago, 664 F.2d 639 (7th Cir. 1...