Johnson v. Pennsylvania Nat. Ins. Companies

• Decision Date: 12 July 1991
• Docket Number: No. 106,106
• Citation: 594 A.2d 296,527 Pa. 504
• Parties: Arzenia Delarosa JOHNSON, Appellee, v. PENNSYLVANIA NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANIES, Appellant. W.D. 1989.
• Court: Pennsylvania Supreme Court

Page 296

594 A.2d 296

527 Pa. 504

Arzenia Delarosa JOHNSON, Appellee, v. PENNSYLVANIA NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANIES, Appellant.

No. 106 W.D. 1989.

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

Argued March 5, 1991.

Decided July 12, 1991.

Louis C. Long, Meyer Darragh Buckler Bebenek Eck & Hall, Pittsburgh, for appellant.

John Patrick Lydon, Carol Sikov Gross, Sikov and Love, P.A., Pittsburgh, for appellee.

Richard A. Stanko, Media, amicus curiae for Pennsylvania Trial Lawyers Assn.

Before NIX, C.J., and LARSEN, FLAHERTY, McDERMOTT, ZAPPALA, PAPADAKOS and CAPPY, JJ.

OPINION OF THE COURT

CAPPY, Justice.

The issue before the Court is whether a person seeking uninsured motorist benefits, who was not a party to the policy of insurance under which she makes a claim, is required to submit her claim to arbitration when the policy of insurance requires disputes to be settled by arbitration. For the reasons that follow, we hold that she is required to submit her claim to arbitration.

Appellee, Ms. Johnson, allegedly sustained injuries when the taxicab in which she was a passenger was struck from behind by a "hit and run" driver. At the time of the accident, the taxicab company maintained its automobile insurance with appellant, Pennsylvania National Insurance Companies. The policy provided uninsured motorist coverage, as required by statute. The claimant made a demand for uninsured motorists benefits from the policy, which was refused by appellant. As part of that demand, Ms. Johnson requested a copy of the policy, which request was also refused. ¹

Ms. Johnson then filed suit in the Court of Common Pleas, seeking damages in excess of $25,000. Appellant filed preliminary objections, in which they claimed that the language of the policy required that Ms. Johnson pursue her claim for damages through arbitration. The trial court denied the preliminary objections, but certified to the Superior Court the question of whether the parties should be required to settle their claim via arbitration. A divided panel of the Superior Court (Judge Del Sole dissenting) upheld the decision of the trial court, 384 Pa.Super. 92, 557 A.2d 789, finding that Ms. Johnson was not required to pursue her claim through arbitration, but was permitted to maintain her action in the Court of Common Pleas. This Court granted allocatur.

The issue is a thorny one, requiring us to decide whether the matter is one of statutory interpretation, contract interpretation or a hybrid of both. Appellant argues that Ms. Johnson is a third party beneficiary, whose rights are limited by the provisions of the contract. Ms. Johnson argues that her rights are created by statute and that her right of trial cannot be abrogated by a contract she did not sign. The arguments made by each side are compelling.

The right to uninsured motorist benefits is created by statute. The Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Act ("the Act"), 75 Pa.C.S. § 1701 et seq., mandates that motor vehicle insurance policies which are issued or delivered in the Commonwealth for any vehicle registered or principally garaged within the Commonwealth are required to have uninsured motorist and underinsured motorist coverage. ² The minimum amount of such coverage is also governed by statute. 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1734 and 1715. The Act does not state whether arbitration is required for claims made under the uninsured motorist or underinsured motorist provisions of insurance policies.

Although the legislature has required that insurers provide uninsured motorist benefits in each of their policies, the right of an injured person to recover such benefits is dependent on the existence of an insurance policy. The statute addressing uninsured motorists coverage, 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1731-1736, speaks only to the requirement that insurance policies in the Commonwealth include uninsured motorist benefit provisions. It does not provide that an injured person has a right to uninsured motorists benefits in the absence of a policy. In fact, when there is no available insurance policy benefits for a person injured in an automobile accident, the Legislature has provided for an Assigned Claims Plan under which the injured party may make a claim. See, 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1751-1757.

It is axiomatic that when an injured party files a claim for uninsured motorist benefits under an insurance policy, there must be an existing, available policy from which to make that claim. It is furthermore evident that the injured party is bound by the contractual maximum available funds in such policy and cannot request damages from the insurance company in excess of the policy limits (assuming that the insurance policy meets the minimum financial limits required by statute). Thus, when an insurance policy is available, the right to the uninsured motorists benefits is provided by statute, but the maximum amount of the benefits is governed by the insurance policy. We believe this same analysis is appropriate in addressing the instant controversy concerning the requirement to arbitrate.

An injured person who makes a claim for uninsured motorist benefits under a policy to which he is not a signatory is in the category of a third party beneficiary. Historically, this Court has held that third party beneficiaries are bound by the same limitations in the contract as the signatories of that contract. The third party beneficiary cannot recover except under the terms and conditions of the contract from which he makes a claim. Grim v. Thomas Iron Co., 115 Pa. 611, 8 A. 595 (1887). "[T]he rights of an alleged third party beneficiary may arise [sic] no higher than the rights of the parties to the contract and ... they are vulnerable to the same limitations which may be asserted between the promisor and the promisee." Jewelcor Jewelers & Distributors, Inc. v. Corr, 373 Pa.Super. 536, 553, 542 A.2d 72, 80 (1988), appeal denied, sub nom., Granjewel Jewelers & Distributors, Inc. v. Corr, 524 Pa. 608, 569 A.2d 1367 (1989), citing Williams v. Paxson Coal Co., 346 Pa. 468, 31 A.2d 69 (1943). "When there is a contract, the right of a beneficiary is subject to any limitation imposed by the terms of the contract." Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 309, comment b (1981).

Appellee argues, however, that a party cannot be compelled to arbitrate unless he has explicitly agreed to do so. "It is well settled that 'arbitration' is a matter of contract, and, absent an agreement between the parties to arbitrate an issue, the parties cannot be compelled to arbitrate that issue." Lincoln System of Education v. Lincoln Assn. of Univ. Profs., 467 Pa. 112, 119, 354 A.2d 576, 580 (1976), quoting Schoellhammer's Hatboro Manor, Inc. v. Local Joint Executive Board of Philadelphia, 426 Pa. 53, 58, 231 A.2d 160, 162 (1967). This correct statement of the law, however, does not compel the outcome requested by appellee. As we noted in Lincoln System of Education, " 'arbitration' is a matter of contract." Id. Here, the signatories to the insurance policy agreed to arbitration. As a third party beneficiary under that policy, the appellee's rights are "vulnerable to the same limitations which may be asserted between the promisor and the promisee." Jewelcor Jewelers 373 Pa. at 553, 542 A.2d at 80. Thus, appellee is bound by the limitations contained in the contract she seeks to enforce.

We also note, echoing the sentiment in Utica Mutual Insurance Co. v. Contrisciane, 504 Pa. 328, 473 A.2d 1005 (1984), that appellee has paid neither premiums nor any consideration for the benefits of this insurance policy. As such, it seems inequitable to permit appellee to pick and choose those contract provisions she prefers...