Johnson v. State

Citation393 So.2d 1069
Decision Date11 December 1980
Docket Number56703,Nos. 56167,s. 56167
PartiesMarvin Edwin JOHNSON, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
CourtUnited States State Supreme Court of Florida

Louis G. Carres, Asst. Public Defender, Tallahassee, Fla., for appellant.

Jim Smith, Atty. Gen., and A. S. Johnston, Asst. Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, for appellee.

PER CURIAM.

Marvin Edwin Johnson appeals his convictions for murder in the first degree and armed robbery and his sentence of death. Finding no reversible error in either the convictions or the sentence, we affirm. Johnson does not challenge the life sentence that he received for the armed robbery.

Gary Summitt, an employee of Warrington Pharmacy and an eyewitness to the robbery and the murder, testified that while working at the pharmacy on the evening of June 7, 1978, he went to the back of the store to ask the pharmacist, Woodrow Moulton, a question. There he saw the defendant Johnson holding a gun on Moulton who was at the pharmacy safe putting articles in a bag, and he heard Johnson order Moulton to put certain drugs and money from the safe into the bag. After obtaining the drugs and money, Johnson started towards the front of the store. Moulton then grabbed a gun from behind the prescription counter. There was an exchange of gunfire, and Moulton continued to fire at Johnson until his gun was emptied. No longer able to defend himself, Moulton stood up with his hands in the air. Johnson then walked up to within a foot and a half of the defenseless pharmacist, said "You think you're a smart son-of-a-bitch, don't you?," and shot him in the chest.

Johnson was indicted for and convicted of first-degree murder and robbery. Although the jury recommended a life sentence, the trial court found no mitigating factors and five aggravating factors and imposed the death penalty.

Johnson challenges his convictions on several grounds. He first contends that he was deprived of a fair trial because certain questions asked of him on cross-examination were not relevant, attacked his character, contained false innuendo, and were premised on facts which the State was not prepared to prove. Some of the questions were improper, but no reversible error resulted because, with one exception, the trial court either sustained defense counsel's objections before Johnson answered the objectionable questions or gave an adequate curative instruction. After examining the entire record, we conclude that the one improper question allowed by the trial court relating to defendant's possession of a gun, other than the murder weapon, almost two months after the crime and for which there was no curative instruction, was harmless error. Section 924.33, Florida Statutes (1977); Section 59.041, Florida Statutes (1977).

Johnson also contends that the trial court deprived him of his rights to due process of law and to compulsory attendance of witnesses by granting the State's motion in limine to prevent the testimony of an expert witness who would have testified about the fallibility of eyewitness perception and identification. The State asserts that the facts affecting the reliability of an eyewitness identification are within the ordinary experience of jurors, that the conclusions to be drawn from the facts affecting the reliability of an eyewitness should be left to the jury, and that expert opinion should be excluded where the facts testified to are of a nature as not to require any special knowledge or experience to form a conclusion.

The trial court has broad discretion in determining the range of subjects on which an expert witness may be allowed to testify, and, unless there is a clear showing of error, its decision will not be disturbed on appeal. Fortianos v. State, 329 So.2d 397 (Fla. 1st DCA 1976). We reiterated this proposition most recently in Buchman v. Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Co., 381 So.2d 229 (Fla.1980). In Buchman, we affirmed the trial court's admission of expert testimony in a railroad crossing accident case because there was no clear showing that the court abused its discretion in admitting the expert testimony. See also Welfare v. Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Co., 373 So.2d 886 (Fla.1979); Public Health Foundation for Cancer and Blood Pressure Research, Inc. v. Cole, 352 So.2d 877 (Fla. 4th DCA 1975), cert. denied, 361 So.2d 834 (Fla.1978). This discretion, however, is not boundless and expert testimony should be excluded where the facts testified to are of such a nature as not to require any special knowledge or experience in order for the jury to form conclusions from the facts. Nelson v. State, 362 So.2d 1017 (Fla. 3d DCA 1978); Johnson v. State, 314 So.2d 248 (Fla. 1st DCA 1975). The common thread running through all the decisions dealing with the admissibility of expert testimony is the premise that if the disputed issue is beyond the ordinary understanding of the jury, such testimony is admissible. Public Health Foundation for Cancer and Blood Pressure Research, Inc. v. Cole; Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Co. v. Kubalski, 323 So.2d 32 (Fla. 4th DCA 1975); Seaboard Coast Line Railroad v. Hill, 250 So.2d 311 (Fla. 4th DCA 1971), writ discharged, 270 So.2d 359 (Fla.1972).

In Nelson v. State, the appellate court affirmed the trial court's exclusion of expert testimony of a psychologist on matters of eyewitness identification from a criminal trial and correctly stated:

When facts are within the ordinary experience of jurors, conclusions to be drawn therefrom are left to the jury. McGough v. State, 302 So.2d 751 (Fla.1974); Tongay v. State, 79 So.2d 673 (Fla.1955); Thomas v. State, 317 So.2d 450 (Fla. 3d DCA 1975). We believe it is within the common knowledge of the jury that a person being attacked and beaten undergoes stress that might cloud a subsequent identification of the assailant by the victim. As such, the subject matter was not properly within the realm of expert testimony.....

362 So.2d at 1021.

In the present case, the facts affecting the reliability of Gary Summitt's testimony were within the ordinary experience of the jurors and did not require any expertise beyond the common knowledge of the jurors. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting the State's motion to exclude the proffered expert testimony.

We also reject Johnson's argument that the court reversibly erred in admitting into evidence photographs of the pharmacy after the officers had reconstructed the scene of the crime.

In addition to reviewing the record in light of the alleged errors set forth by Johnson, we have reviewed the evidence pursuant to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.140(f) to determine whether the interests of justice require a new trial, and we conclude that no new trial is required. Accordingly, we affirm the convictions.

Johnson also challenges his sentence of death on several grounds. After the jury recommended a life sentence, the trial court, finding no mitigating circumstances, imposed the death sentence. As aggravating circumstances, the court found:

FINDING : Marvin Edwin Johnson was under sentence of imprisonment in the State of Tennessee, but had escaped therefrom, when he committed the murder of which he has been convicted.

FINDING : Marvin Edwin Johnson had not previously been convicted of any capital felony, but had been convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person, to-wit:

1. On October 14, 1964, the defendant pled guilty to the offense of robbery in Glynn County, Georgia, and sentenced to four years, wherein said robbery was committed by "grabbing and holding (the victim), throwing him down upon a bunk located in the Glynn County Jail, tying his hands and feet ..., placing a cloth gag in his mouth, and threatening and offering to strike and hit him with two pieces of metal, fastened together, making one piece ..., the same being then and there an offensive weapon, and a weapon likely to produce death if used in the way and manner as then and there threatened...." State Exhibit No. 1, Penalty Phase, December 9, 1978.

2. On November 16, 1976, the defendant was found guilty and sentenced to twenty years for the offense of armed robbery in Bradley County, Tennessee. State Exhibit No. 5, Penalty Phase, December 9, 1978.

3. The defendant testified at the trial that he had been convicted of a crime ten times. The only evidence of what those crimes were are the two convictions enumerated in 1 and 2 above. This Court has recently been furnished copies of several prior convictions of the defendant, but the Court has neither studied these documents nor knows the details of them. Copies have been sent to defense counsel. In view of the evidence of prior convictions, the Court makes no judicial determination of what type of convictions are on the defendant's record except as enumerated above.

FINDING : Marvin Edwin Johnson did create a great risk to many persons. He did, in robbing Woodrow Moulton at gunpoint and in the ensuing gun battle within the confines of the Warrington Pharmacy, and in murdering the said Woodrow Moulton, create a great risk of death to the other three persons present in the drugstore at the time.

Finding : The murder was committed while Marvin Edwin Johnson was engaged in the commission of an armed robbery of the Warrington Pharmacy.

FINDING : The murder was committed during an armed robbery during which the defendant, Marvin Edwin Johnson, engaged in a pistol shoot-out with the victim. Upon discovering that the victim had exhausted his ammunition, and with the victim's arms raised in a sign of surrender, the defendant coolly and with calculation approached the victim and pointing his .357 magnum revolver within a foot or two of the victim's chest, remarked to his victim, "You think you're a smart son-of-a-bitch, don't you?", and proceeded to shoot the victim dead with one shot through the victim's heart.

While the method and manner of the murder was not especially heinous, except to the...

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