Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, California, 85-1129

CourtUnited States Supreme Court
Citation94 L.Ed.2d 615,107 S.Ct. 1442,480 U.S. 616
Docket NumberNo. 85-1129,85-1129
PartiesPaul E. JOHNSON, Petitioner v. TRANSPORTATION AGENCY, SANTA CLARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, et al
Decision Date25 March 1987
Syllabus

In 1978, an Affirmative-Action Plan (Plan) for hiring and promoting minorities and women was voluntarily adopted by respondent Santa Clara County Transportation Agency (Agency). The Plan provides, inter alia, that in making promotions to positions within a traditionally segregated job classification in which women have been significantly underrepresented, the Agency is authorized to consider as one factor the sex of a qualified applicant. The Plan is intended to achieve a statistically measurable yearly improvement in hiring and promoting minorities and women in job classifications where they are underrepresented, and the long-term goal is to attain a work force whose composition reflects the proportion of minorities and women in the area labor force. The Plan sets aside no specific number of positions for minorities or women, but requires that short-range goals be established and annually adjusted to serve as the most realistic guide for actual employment decisions. When the Agency announced a vacancy for the promotional position of road dispatcher, none of the 238 positions in the pertinent Skilled Craft Worker job classification, which included the dispatcher position, was held by a woman. The qualified applicants for the position were interviewed and the Agency, pursuant to the Plan, ultimately passed over petitioner, a male employee, and promoted a female, Diane Joyce, both of whom were rated as well qualified for the job. After receiving a right-to-sue letter from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, petitioner filed suit in Federal District Court, which held that the Agency had violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The court found that Joyce's sex was the determining factor in her selection and that the Agency's Plan was invalid under the criterion announced in Steelworkers v. Weber, 443 U.S. 193, 99 S.Ct. 2721, 61 L.Ed.2d 480 that the Plan be temporary. The Court of Appeals reversed.

Held: The Agency appropriately took into account Joyce's sex as one factor in determining that she should be promoted. The Agency's Plan represents a moderate, flexible, case-by-case approach to effecting a gradual improvement in the representation of minorities and women in the Agency's work force, and is fully consistent with Title VII. Pp. 626-640.

(a) Petitioner bears the burden of proving that the Agency's Plan violates Title VII. Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case that race or sex has been taken into account in an employer's employment decision, the burden shifts to the employer to articulate a nondiscriminatory rationale for its decision, such as the existence of an affirmative-action plan. The burden then shifts to the plaintiff to prove that the plan is invalid and that the employer's justification is pretextual. Pp. 626-627.

(b) Assessment of the legality of the Agency's Plan must be guided by the decision in Weber. An employer seeking to justify the adoption of an affirmative-action plan need not point to its own prior discriminatory practices, but need point only to a conspicuous imbalance in traditionally segregated job categories. Voluntary employer action can play a crucial role in furthering Title VII's purpose of eliminating the effects of discrimination in the workplace, and Title VII should not be read to thwart such efforts. Pp. 627-630.

(c) The employment decision here was made pursuant to a plan prompted by concerns similar to those of the employer in Weber, supra. Consideration of the sex of applicants for skilled craft jobs was justified by the existence of a "manifest imbalance" that reflected underrepresentation of women in "traditionally segregated job categories." Id., at 197, 99 S.Ct., at 2724. Where a job requires special training, the comparison for determining whether an imbalance exists should be between the employer's work force and those in the area labor force who possess the relevant qualifications. If a plan failed to take distinctions in qualifications into account in providing guidance for actual employment decisions, it would improperly dictate mere blind hiring by the numbers. However, the Agency's Plan did not authorize such blind hiring, but expressly directed that numerous factors be taken into account in making employment decisions, including specifically the number of female applicants qualified for particular jobs. Thus, despite the fact that no precise short-term goal was yet in place for the Skilled Craft Worker job category when Joyce was promoted, the Agency's management had been clearly instructed that they were not to hire solely by reference to statistics. The fact that only the long-term goal had been established for the job category posed no danger that personnel decisions would be made by reflexive adherence to a numerical standard. Pp. 631-637.

(d) The Agency Plan did not unnecessarily trammel male employees' rights or create an absolute bar to their advancement. The Plan sets aside no positions for women, and expressly states that its goals should not be construed as "quotas" that must be met. Denial of the promotion to petitioner unsettled no legitimate, firmly rooted expectation on his part, since the Agency Director was authorized to select any of the seven applicants deemed qualified for the job. Express assurance that a program is only temporary may be necessary if the program actually sets aside positions according to specific numbers. However, substantial evidence shows that the Agency has sought to take a moderate, gradual approach to eliminating the imbalance in its work force, one which establishes realistic guidance for employment decisions, and which visits minimal intrusion on the legitimate expectations of other employees. Given this fact, as well as the Agency's express commitment to "attain" a balanced work force, there is ample assurance that the Agency does not seek to use its Plan to "maintain" a permanent racial and sexual balance. Pp. 637-640.

770 F.2d 752, affirmed.

BRENNAN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, POWELL, and STEVENS, JJ., joined. STEVENS, J., filed a concurring opinion, post, p. ----. O'CONNOR, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment, post, p. ----. WHITE, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. ----. SCALIA, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which REHNQUIST, C.J., joined, and in Parts I and II of which WHITE, J., joined, post, p. ----.

Constance E. Brooks, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.

Steven Woodside, San Jose, Cal., for respondents.

Justice BRENNAN delivered the opinion of the Court.

Respondent, Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County, California, unilaterally promulgated an Affirmative Action Plan applicable, inter alia, to promotions of employees. In selecting applicants for the promotional position of road dispatcher, the Agency, pursuant to the Plan, passed over petitioner Paul Johnson, a male employee, and promoted a female employee applicant, Diane Joyce. The question for decision is whether in making the promotion the Agency impermissibly took into account the sex of the applicants in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.1 The District Court for the Northern District of California, in an action filed by petitioner following receipt of a right-to-sue letter from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), held that respondent had violated Title VII. App. to Pet. for Cert. 1a. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed. 770 F.2d 752 (1985). We granted certiorari, 478 U.S. 1019, 106 S.Ct. 3331, 92 L.Ed.2d 737 (1986). We affirm.2

I
A.

In December 1978, the Santa Clara County Transit District Board of Supervisors adopted an Affirmative Action Plan (Plan) for the County Transportation Agency. The Plan implemented a County Affirmative Action Plan, which had been adopted, declared the County, because "mere prohibition of discriminatory practices is not enough to remedy the effects of past practices and to permit attainment of an equitable representation of minorities, women and handicapped persons." App. 31.3 Relevant to this case, the Agency Plan provides that, in making promotions to positions within a traditionally segregated job classification in which women have been significantly underrepresented, the Agency is authorized to consider as one factor the sex of a qualified applicant.

In reviewing the composition of its work force, the Agency noted in its Plan that women were represented in numbers far less than their proportion of the County labor force in both the Agency as a whole and in five of seven job categories. Specifically, while women constituted 36.4% of the area labor market, they composed only 22.4% of Agency employees. Furthermore, women working at the Agency were concentrated largely in EEOC job categories traditionally held by women: women made up 76% of Office and Clerical Workers, but only 7.1% of Agency Officials and Administrators, 8.6% of Professionals, 9.7% of Technicians, and 22% of Service and Maintenance Workers. As for the job classification relevant to this case, none of the 238 Skilled Craft Worker positions was held by a woman. Id., at 49. The Plan noted that this underrepresentation of women in part reflected the fact that women had not traditionally been employed in these positions, and that they had not been strongly motivated to seek training or employment in them "because of the limited opportunities that have existed in the past for them to work in such classifications." Id., at 57. The Plan also observed that, while the proportion of ethnic minorities in the Agency as a whole exceeded the proportion of such minorities in the County work force, a smaller percentage of minority employees held management, professional, and...

To continue reading

Request your trial
373 cases
  • Goldring v. District of Columbia
    • United States
    • U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit
    • July 26, 2005
    ...revelation ... should not obscure the fact that it may be probative to varying degrees," Johnson v. Transp. Agency of Santa Clara Cty., 480 U.S. 616, 629 n. 7, 107 S.Ct. 1442, 94 L.Ed.2d 615 (1987); accord United States v. Delgado-Garcia, 374 F.3d 1337, 1359 (D.C.Cir.2004), we doubt that th......
  • Cook v. Unisys Fed. Gov't, Grp., Div. of Unisys Corp.
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Western District of Virginia
    • September 3, 2015
    ...v. Sch. Dist. No. 1, Denver, Colo., 69 F.3d 1523, 1531 (10th Cir. 1995) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-3; Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, Cal., 480 U.S. 616, 627 n.6 (1987) (noting Congress's concern that Title VI not subsume Title VII by making any employer who receives fe......
  • Gutierrez v. Carmax Auto Superstores Cal., F073215
    • United States
    • California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
    • January 30, 2018
    ...of the status quo, indifference to the status quo, or even political cowardice." ( Johnson v. Transportation Agency (1987) 480 U.S. 616, 672, 107 S.Ct. 1442, 94 L.Ed.2d 615, (Scalia, J., dissenting), numbering removed.) Impact on Merchantability LawNone of this is to say the law should igno......
  • Keaton v. Cobb County
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Northern District of Georgia
    • February 19, 2008
    ..."do[es] not regard as identical the constraints of Title VII and the Federal Constitution," Johnson v. Transp. Agency, Santa Clara County, Ca., 480 U.S. 616, 632[, 107 S.Ct. 1442, 94 L.Ed.2d 615], ... (1987), "[w]hen section 1983 is used as a parallel remedy for violation ... of Title VII, ......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
7 firm's commentaries
  • Annual Report On EEOC Developments - Fiscal Year 2021
    • United States
    • JD Supra United States
    • April 26, 2022
    ...Taxman v. Board of Education,16 in which the Third Circuit held that an armative action plan aimed at 14 See Johnson v. Transp. Agency, 107 S. Ct. 1442, 480 U.S . 616 (1987).15 In recent year s, the focus on armative ac tion programs has been l imited to a university set ting. As an examp......
  • Title VII Of The Civil Rights Act Of 1964 And Affirmative Action
    • United States
    • Mondaq United States
    • May 10, 2023
    ...there are other permissible uses of race besides "remedying past discrimination"); see also Johnson v. Transp. Agency, Santa Clara Cnty., 480 U.S. 616, 640-41 (1987); United Steelworkers of Am., AFL-CIO-CLC v. Weber, 443 U.S. 193, 208 3. 42 U.S.C. ' 2000e-2(a). 4. Id. 5. 42 U.S.C. ' 2000e-2......
  • Proceed With Caution: Voluntary Diversity Efforts Must Be Undertaken With Care To Limit Litigation Risk For Employers
    • United States
    • Mondaq United States
    • November 23, 2021
    ...of racial segregation and hierarchy."29 The Court later extended Weber to gender-based preferences in Johnson v. Transportation Agency, 480 U.S. 616 (1987). There, the employer implemented a voluntary affirmative action plan to address the significant underrepresentation of women in certain......
  • Proceed With Caution: Voluntary Diversity Efforts Must Be Undertaken With Care To Limit Litigation Risk For Employers
    • United States
    • Mondaq United States
    • November 23, 2021
    ...of racial segregation and hierarchy."29 The Court later extended Weber to gender-based preferences in Johnson v. Transportation Agency, 480 U.S. 616 (1987). There, the employer implemented a voluntary affirmative action plan to address the significant underrepresentation of women in certain......
  • Request a trial to view additional results
43 books & journal articles
  • Sex Discrimination Claims Under Title Vii of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
    • United States
    • Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law No. XXII-2, January 2021
    • January 1, 2021
    ...Steelworkers v. Weber, 443 U.S. 193, 208–09 (1979). 149. Id. 150. Id. at 205 n.5. 151. See Johnson v. Transp. Agency, Santa Clara Cty., 480 U.S. 616, 626–27 (1987). 152. See id. at 626. 153. Id. 154. See id. at 637, 640 (f‌inding that as part of an aff‌irmative action plan for gradual impro......
  • Race Discrimination
    • United States
    • James Publishing Practical Law Books Archive Texas Employment Law. Volume 2 - 2014 Part V. Discrimination in employment
    • August 16, 2014
    ...claims, the court employed the two-part test established by the Supreme Court in Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara , 480 U.S. 616 (1987). Under this test, the court considered whether the race-conscious relief (i) was “justified by the existence of a manifest imbalance” and (i......
  • Statistical Evidence
    • United States
    • James Publishing Practical Law Books Employment Evidence
    • April 1, 2022
    ...en banc, denied, 218 F.3d 749 (11th Cir. Ga. 2000). As the Supreme Court emphasized in Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara, 480 U.S. 616, 107 S.Ct. 1442, 94 L.Ed.2d 615 (1987), a court must look to the percentage of minorities in the relevant labor group to identify the appropri......
  • THE BRANCH BEST QUALIFIED TO ABOLISH IMMUNITY.
    • United States
    • Notre Dame Law Review Vol. 93 No. 5, May 2018
    • May 1, 2018
    ...J., dissenting in part), overruled in part by Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978). (88) Johnson v. Transp. Agency, 480 U.S. 616, 672-73 (1987) (Scalia, J., dissenting) (emphasis (89) See Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1857 (2017) (describing development of the law from 1......
  • Request a trial to view additional results

VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. ACCEPT