Johnson v. Woodcock

• Decision Date: 11 April 2006
• Docket Number: No. 05-2192.,05-2192.
• Citation: 444 F.3d 953
• Parties: Mary E. Bonner JOHNSON, Appellant, v. Richard W. WOODCOCK, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

444 F.3d 953

Mary E. Bonner JOHNSON, Appellant, v. Richard W. WOODCOCK, Appellee.

No. 05-2192.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: April 7, 2006.

Filed: April 11, 2006.

Paul Eston Lacy, argued, Stillwater, MN, for appellant.

Charles N. Nauen, argued, Minneapolis, MN (William A. Gengler, Minneapolis, MN and Garet S. Aden, Nashville, TN, on the brief), for appellee.

Before WOLLMAN, LAY, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

Mary E. Bonner Johnson appeals the district court's¹ grant of Richard W. Woodcock's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. We affirm.²

I.

Johnson and Woodcock began working together in 1968. Johnson first served as Woodcock's secretary at American Guidance Services, a Minnesota company where Woodcock was involved in the development of psychological and cognitive ability tests. This relationship flourished for a time, and when Woodcock left American Guidance Services in 1972 to form Measurement Learning Consultants (MLC), Johnson joined him at the new firm as the assistant director. While working together at MLC, Woodcock developed a series of psychological tests, the most significant of which is the Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery (Battery). The level of Johnson's involvement is disputed, but Johnson alleges that she was the co-author of the Battery and was significantly involved in the substantive development of the tests.

When Teaching Resources Corporation (Teaching Resources) published the Battery in 1976, Woodcock and Johnson entered into a contract that allocated ninety percent of the royalties to Woodcock and the remaining ten percent to Johnson. In 1977, Woodcock moved MLC's operations to Oregon. Johnson remained in Minnesota, but she and Woodcock continued to have a business relationship throughout the 1980s, working together on revisions to the Battery. In February 1986, they entered into a publishing contract for the revised edition of the Woodcock-Johnson Battery.

After Woodcock moved his residence from Minnesota in 1977, he resided in several other states, including Oregon, California, and Tennessee. Except for a short period in the early 1980s, he has not had a Minnesota residence since 1977 and has had limited contact with that state. Woodcock continued to have a working relationship with Johnson until 1989, and they have occasionally corresponded and conversed over the years. Woodcock has also published two books through American Guidance Services, a Minnesota company.

In 1997, Woodcock and three new co-authors, including Kevin McGrew, a Minnesota resident, entered into a contract with Riverside Publishing Company to publish a third revision to the Battery. The third revision was published in 2001. Although she was not a party to the 1997 contract, Johnson claimed a right to royalty payments thereunder. She filed this action against Woodcock in the District of Minnesota, alleging violations of the Lanham Act and the Minnesota Deceptive Trade Practices Act, as well as intentional interference with business relations, misrepresentation, breach of contract, and promissory estoppel. The district court dismissed the suit for lack of personal jurisdiction over Woodcock.

II.

We review de novo a dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction. Porter v. Berall, 293 F.3d 1073, 1075 (8th Cir.2002). The party asserting personal jurisdiction has the burden of establishing a prima facie case. Epps v. Stewart Information Services Corp., 327 F.3d 642, 647 (8th Cir. 2003). Because Minnesota's long-arm statute is coextensive with constitutional limits, we need only determine whether the assertion of jurisdiction over this defendant offends due process. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. v. Nippon Carbide Indus., 63 F.3d 694, 696-97 (8th Cir.1995).

Personal jurisdiction exists only if the contacts between the defendant and the forum state are sufficient to establish that the defendant has purposefully availed himself of the benefits and protections of the forum state. Porter, 293 F.3d at 1075. This purposeful availment must be sufficient to provide the defendant with fair warning that his activities might result in his being haled into court in that jurisdiction. Id. "Minimum contacts must exist either at the time the cause of action arose, the time the suit was filed, or within a reasonable period of time immediately prior to the filing of the lawsuit." Pecoraro v. Sky Ranch For Boys, Inc., 340 F.3d 558, 562 (8th Cir.2003).

The nonmoving party also must establish that a "substantial connection" exists between the defendant and the forum state. Porter, 293 F.3d at 1075 (citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985)). We consider five factors in determining whether a substantial connection exists: (1) the nature and quality of the contacts with the forum state; (2) the quantity of the contacts with the forum state; (3) the relation of the cause of action to those contacts; (4) the interest of the forum state in providing a forum for its residents; and (5) the convenience of the parties. Id. at 1076. The last two factors carry less weight and are not dispositive. Id.

In Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, the Supreme Court articulated two theories for finding personal jurisdiction: specific jurisdiction and general jurisdiction. See 466 U.S. 408, 414-15, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984). Specific jurisdiction can only be found if the controversy is "related to or `arises out of'" the defendant's contacts with the forum state. Id. at 414, 104 S.Ct. 1868. General jurisdiction exists where the contacts between the defendant and the forum state are "continuous and systematic" even if there is no relationship between the contacts and the cause of action. Id. at 415, 104 S.Ct. 1868.

Regarding specific jurisdiction, Johnson makes only a conclusory assertion that the causes of action are related to the relationship that Woodcock established and maintained with Minnesota and Johnson. The burden to establish a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction is on the party asserting jurisdiction, and Johnson does not meet that burden. The only relevant contacts that are related to or give rise to the controversy here are the contacts between Woodcock and Johnson. Those contacts are too random, fortuitous, or attenuated to support an assertion of jurisdiction in this case. The contacts asserted in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s are not within the reasonable timeframe required by Pecararo....