Johnston v. Warren County Fair Ass'n, Inc., 96-2156

• Citation: 110 F.3d 36
• Decision Date: 09 May 1997
• Docket Number: No. 96-2156,96-2156
• Parties: Dennis JOHNSTON, Mary Johnston, Plaintiffs/Appellants, v. WARREN COUNTY FAIR ASSOCIATION, INC., a corporation, Defendant/Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 36

110 F.3d 36

Dennis JOHNSTON, Mary Johnston, Plaintiffs/Appellants, v. WARREN COUNTY FAIR ASSOCIATION, INC., a corporation,

Defendant/Appellee.

No. 96-2156.

United States Court of Appeals,Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Dec. 13, 1996.

Decided April 1, 1997.

Rehearing Denied May 9, 1997.

James Joseph Logan, Chesterfield, Missouri, argued for plaintiffs/appellants.

F. Douglas O'Leary, St. Louis, Missouri, argued for defendant/appellee.

Before WOLLMAN and MURPHY, Circuit Judges, and TUNHEIM, ¹ District Judge.

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

Dennis and Mary Johnston appeal from the district court's ² grant of summary judgment in favor of the Warren County Fair Association (Association). We affirm.

I.

The Association operates and sponsors the annual Warren County Fair (the fair). In the summer of 1988, Dennis Johnston was employed as a carnival worker by Jackson United Shows (Jackson), a corporation hired by the Association to provide carnival services at the fair. On the evening of July 6, 1988, Tony Crawford and James Muse played the carnival game Dennis was operating. Upon noticing that one of the men followed and whistled at Mary throughout the evening, Dennis reported this "pestering" conduct to a police officer.

Toward the end of the evening Crawford and Muse, apparently drunk, again wanted to play Dennis's game and became angry when they did not receive prizes, even though Dennis had told them before they played that all the prizes were gone. Although Dennis refunded their money, Crawford and Muse remained upset, calling Dennis obscene names and threatening to "whip [his] ass." Upon noticing the disturbance, another Jackson employee told Crawford and Muse to leave. Dennis then shut down the game. He told a police officer he was "having a problem with a couple of guys at [his] game earlier that night," but he "didn't say anything [to the officer] about [Crawford and Muse] threatening [him]."

After turning in his receipts for the night, Dennis joined Mary, and the couple walked around the fairgrounds, eventually sitting down on the bleachers near the area where events such as tractor pulls were held. After the Johnstons had sat a "good while," Crawford and Muse approached them. Both men attacked Dennis, striking him in the head with a tire iron and perhaps also with a claw hammer.

The Johnstons, citizens of Illinois, filed this diversity action, alleging that the Association was negligent in failing to provide adequate security services. In granting the Association's motion for summary judgment, the district court held that the Association had no duty to protect Dennis from the assault.

II.

We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard as the district court and will affirm if the facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Kinman v. Omaha Pub. Sch. Dist., 94 F.3d 463, 466 (8th Cir.1996).

To prevail on their negligent failure to protect claim against the Association, the Johnstons must show that (1) the Association had a duty to protect Dennis; (2) it breached that duty; and (3) the breach caused the Johnstons' injuries. See Madden v. C & K Barbecue Carryout, Inc., 758 S.W.2d 59, 61 (Mo.1988) (en banc). The Johnstons recognize that the owner of business property generally has no duty to protect business invitees from intentionally harmful acts of third parties. See id. They contend, however, that "special facts and circumstances" existed which created such a duty. See id. at 61-62.

The special facts and circumstances exception encompasses two theories. The "known third person" theory holds an owner of business property liable if the injury was intentionally inflicted by a third person whom the owner knows to be violent, or by a person whose conduct indicates potential danger. See Groce v. Kansas City Spirit, Inc., 925 S.W.2d 880, 885 (Mo.Ct.App.1996). The "prior violent crimes" theory holds an owner of business property liable when numerous and recent occurrences of violent crimes by unknown assailants, similar to the incident in question, would have given the owner reason to know that similar incidents were likely to occur. See id.; Keenan v. Miriam Foundation, 784 S.W.2d 298, 303-04 (Mo.Ct.App.1990).

In support of their claim under the known third person theory, the Johnstons assert that the police officers patrolling the fair were agents of the Association. They further contend that the officers had notice of the potential harm posed by Crawford and Muse and that this knowledge should be imputed to the Association.

A critical element for the existence of an agency relationship under Missouri law is that the principal has the right to control the conduct of the agent with respect to the matters entrusted to the agent. See State ex rel. Bunting v. Koehr, 865 S.W.2d 351, 353 (Mo.1993) (en banc) (citing Restatement (Second) of Agency § 14). Thus, a lack of evidence showing a party's right to control or actual control over another's actions precludes the finding of an agency relationship. See id.; Scott v. Ford Motor Credit Corp., 706 S.W.2d 453, 460 (Mo.Ct.App.1985).

An officer...