Jones v. Bd. of Regents
Decision Date | 01 July 2003 |
Docket Number | No. A03A0242.,A03A0242. |
Citation | 262 Ga. App. 75,585 S.E.2d 138 |
Parties | JONES v. BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF GEORGIA et al. |
Court | Georgia Court of Appeals |
OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE
Adam J. Conti, Atlanta, Lara Cullinane-Smith, Duluth, for appellant.
Thurbert E. Baker, Atty. Gen., Kathleen M. Pacious, Deputy Atty. Gen., Stephen E. Curry, Augusta, for appellees. MIKELL, Judge.
Kenneth Jones was employed by Augusta State University ("ASU") as its Director of Public Safety. ASU terminated Jones's employment on September 30, 1999. Jones sued the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia (the "Board"), ASU president William Bloodworth, and ASU vice-president Fred Barnabei, asserting claims for violation of (1) his civil rights under 42 USC § 1983, (2) his right to due process and free speech under the Georgia Constitution, and (3) OCGA § 45-1-4, the Georgia "whistleblower" statute. The trial court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment. For reasons that follow, we affirm the grant of summary judgment on all claims against Barnabei and Bloodworth. We also affirm the grant of summary judgment to the Board with respect to Jones's claims under 42 USC § 1983 and the Georgia Constitution. However, we reverse the grant of summary judgment to the Board on Jones's claim under OCGA § 45-1-4, holding that material issues of fact remain for a jury to decide.
To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, the moving party must demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of material fact, and that the undisputed facts, viewed in a light most favorable to the party opposing the motion, warrant judgment as a matter of law.1 To obtain summary judgment, a defendant need not produce any evidence, but must only point to an absence of evidence supporting at least one essential element of the plaintiff's claim.2 Our review of a grant of summary judgment is de novo, and we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn from it in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.3
Jones contends that he was forced to resign from ASU because Barnabei and Bloodworth disapproved of an investigation by Jones into the criminal activities of three ASU employees. The defendants contend that Barnabei asked Jones to submit his resignation because Jones was verbally abusive toward a subordinate employee.
The record, viewed most favorably to Jones, shows that in September 1998, Jones began investigating a series of thefts from the ASU campus. In his affidavit, Jones averred that he had received a tip that Bescey and Goble, two ASU public safety officers employed under Jones's supervision, were in possession of property missing from ASU, including electronic equipment, grass seed, and copper wire. In late January 1999, Jones began investigating a third ASU security officer, Arrington, in connection with theft of copper wire from ASU. Jones deposed that Bescey and Goble were arrested on January 29, 1999.
During the investigation, Jones learned that several Richmond County marshals had received stolen property associated with the thefts from ASU, including baseball jerseys and media equipment. Jones deposed that Barnabei, Jones's supervisor, ordered him to stop investigating the Richmond County marshals so as to not alienate the ASU police department from other police departments in the area. Jones averred that Barnabei told him not to investigate Officer Arrington; that on March 12, 1999, Barnabei asked Jones to turn in his car, gun, and credentials; and that he believed Barnabei took this action to stop Jones's investigation.
Barnabei gave Jones the option to remain employed with ASU for an additional six months, until the end of September, 1999. Jones submitted his resignation on March 16, 1999, effective September 30, 1999, and was immediately relieved of his security-related duties. On September 28, 1999, Jones sent a letter to Bloodworth that he wished to withdraw his resignation. Bloodworth declined Jones's request.
1. Jones claims the trial court committed numerous errors in its review of the record. He complains that the trial court weighed the evidence and made findings of fact and credibility determinations, and that the court did not view the evidence in the light most favorable to Jones. For purposes of this appeal, however, we view the record de novo.4 Summary judgment may be affirmed if it is right for any reason.5
2. Jones contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the defendants on his claim that he was dismissed for exercising his constitutional right to free speech, in violation of 42 USC § 1983.6 We disagree.
42 USC § 1983 provides:
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State ..., subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.
A plaintiff in a § 1983 action must show (1) "that he has been deprived of a right secured by the constitution and laws of the United States, and [(2) that] the defendant acted under color of state law."7 There are four stages to a § 1983 action brought for violating a plaintiff's First Amendment rights.
At the first stage, the court determines the threshold issue raised in Pickering [v. Bd. of Ed.],8 whether the employee's speech may be "fairly characterized as constituting speech on a matter of public concern." The court examines the content, form, and context of the employee's speech to determine whether it addresses a matter of public concern. Second, if the speech addresses a matter of public concern, the court then applies the second prong of Pickering, the balancing test, weighing the employee's first amendment interests against "the interest of the state, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees." Again, the context and circumstances of the employee's speech must be considered. If the public employee prevails on the balancing test, the fact-finder determines whether the employee's speech played a "substantial part" in the government's decision to demote or discharge the employee. Fourth, if the employee prevails by showing that the speech was a substantial motivating factor in the state's employment decision, the state must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that "it would have reached the same decision ... even in the absence of the protected conduct." This fourth stage has been referred to as a "but for" test; the employer must show that "its legitimate reason, standing alone, would have induced it to make the same decision."9
In Morris v. Crow,10 the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit considered whether an officer's report describing an accident involving another officer constituted protected speech.
Not only must the speech be related to matters of public interest, but the purpose of the expression must be to present such issues as matters of "public" concern. In essence, we must determine the purpose of the employee's speech, that is, "whether the speech at issue was made primarily in the employee's role as citizen, or primarily in the role of employee."11
The Morris court decided that the officer's report was not constitutionally protected speech. We reach the same conclusion here with respect to Jones's speech concerning the internal investigation. Jones's duties as the Director of Public Safety included reporting to Barnabei. Jones considered internal investigations to be part of his job, and he had previously conducted such investigations with ASU approval. Jones made no attempt to bring the reports of the investigated officers' wrongdoing to public light, and his only investigation-related contact with outside parties was with the district attorney and the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. We conclude that because Jones's speech was made primarily in his role as an employee and not as a citizen, the speech is not constitutionally protected.12 It follows that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment to the defendants on Jones's § 1983 claim.
Oladeinde v. City of Birmingham,13 relied upon by the defendants, is distinguishable. Oladeinde concerned a police officer who saw two other officers examining records related to the arrest of the mayor's daughter.14 The officer reported her observation to her captain, and asked that she be allowed to report the event to the district attorney in connection with an ongoing investigation into allegations that the police chief had tampered with arrest records.15 The captain refused, and the officer complained that she was subjected to retaliation for her speech. The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit found that, unlike in Morris, the officer's speech was motivated by a desire to bring wrongdoing to light.16 Here, Jones's speech concerning the investigation of the ASU officers was part of the customary duties of his employment.
3. The trial court granted summary judgment on Jones's claim for violation...
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